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	<title>OBRA MAESTRA &#187; 2. Solar System</title>
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	<description>THE UNIVERSE.. PLANET EARTH EARTH CITIZEN  INDIGENOUS VOICES "All In One Universe" JOEL BOMANE</description>
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		<title>Shrink Your Brain Wreck The Planet by Joel Bomane</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/shrink-your-brain-wreck-the-planet-by-joel-bomane/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/shrink-your-brain-wreck-the-planet-by-joel-bomane/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:18:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Creation - Higher Power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Galaxy - Milky Way]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Golden Rule]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Ecology]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[2. Human Rights]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[2. Solar System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Indigenous Voices]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Body-PQ-Artisan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[6. Mind-IQ-Rational]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[7. Heart-EQ-Guardian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[8. Soul-SQ-Idealist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[A. NEST-UNIVERSE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B. SPACE SHIP-EARTH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C. EGG-EARTH CITIZEN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[D. JOEL BOMANE]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#1: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”
&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#2: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”
The Brain Odyssey:


Uncertain times? Global financial collapse? Political unrest?&#8230;
* Ever since his &#8220;Enlightening Meeting&#8221; in the early 90&#8217;s with famed neurosurgeon Dr. Benjamin Carson (the first to separate a pair of Siamese twins) Joel Bomane has been exploring [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-1-1"><strong>&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221;</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Resources for Show#1: </strong><strong>“Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”</strong></a></div>
<div><strong><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/02/03/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-2">&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#2: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”</a></strong></div>
<div><strong>T</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">he Brain </span><a class="zem_slink" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Odyssey" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey">Odyssey</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span></div>
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<p><strong>U</strong>ncertain times? Global financial collapse? Political unrest?&#8230;</p>
<div><strong>* </strong><em>Ever since his <strong>&#8220;Enlightening Meeting&#8221;</strong> in the early 90&#8217;s with<strong> </strong><strong>famed neurosurgeon Dr. <a class="zem_slink" title="Ben Carson" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson">Benjamin Carson</a></strong><strong> (the first to separate a pair of <a class="zem_slink" title="Conjoined twins" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins">Siamese twins</a>) </strong><strong>Joel Bomane </strong>has been exploring with great passion &#8211; self taught <strong>- &#8220;</strong><strong>The Role of the Brain in Human History</strong></em><strong>.&#8221; *</strong></div>
<div><strong><br /></strong></div>
<div id="cke_pastebin" style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>* Please come and Listen weekly ( every Thursdays 8:00 P.M <a class="zem_slink" title="Central Time Zone (North America)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_%28North_America%29">Central TIME</a>) to the</strong>:</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>&#8220;Brain Odyssey&#8221; Series!</strong></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>Note</strong>: <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="French language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a> Version=Version Francaise: </strong><strong>9:00 P.M CST on Thursdays.</strong></div>
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<div><strong><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-1-1">http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain&#8211;wreck-the-planet-part-1-1</a></strong></div>
<div><strong><a href="http://mentorsharbor.com/">http://www.mentorsharbor.com/</a></strong></div>
<div><strong><br /></strong></div>
<div><a href="http://joelbomane.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The_Scale_of_the_Universe.swf"><strong>The_Scale_of_the_Universe</strong></a></div>
<p><em><a class="zem_slink" title="Lorenzo di Credi" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi">Credi</a></em><span style="font-style: italic;">t to </span><em><a class="zem_slink" title="Cary, North Carolina" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.7788888889,-78.8002777778&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=35.7788888889,-78.8002777778 (Cary%2C%20North%20Carolina)&amp;t=h">Cary</a> </em><span style="font-style: italic;">and </span><em>Michael Huang:</em><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.htwins.net/scale/"> http://htwins.net</a></p>
<div><em>Note: <strong>Zoom from the edge of the universe</strong> to the <a class="zem_slink" title="Quantum foam" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foam">quantum foam</a> of spacetime and learn the scale of things along the way!
<p><strong>Press <em>left</em> or <em>right</em> or drag the scroll bar to zoom</strong> in and out.</p>
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<p><a tabindex="-1" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains.html#">About This Talk</a>:</p>
<h1>Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains</h1>
</div>
<div>Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert starts from a  surprising premise: the brain evolved, not to think or feel, but to  control movement. In this entertaining, data-rich talk he gives us a  glimpse into how the brain creates the grace and agility of human  motion.</div>
<div><strong>Translated into French</strong> (<a class="zem_slink" title="France" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.8566666667,2.35083333333&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=48.8566666667,2.35083333333 (France)&amp;t=h">France</a>)<br /> by <a id="translatorLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/528388" target="_blank">Amélie Gourdon</a><br /><strong>Reviewed</strong> by <a id="reviewerLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/41684" target="_blank">Joel Bomane</a></div>
<div>
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<p> </p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Crisis-Jacques-Attali/dp/2747215482/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318519343&amp;sr=1-2">After the Crisis</a></strong>:  by <a href="http://www.attali.com/en/biographie/biographie-de-jacques-attali"><strong>Jacques Attali</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Steven Pinker" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> on the myth of violence: </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_the_myth_of_violence.html"><strong>http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_the_myth_of_violence.html</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a title="Permanent Link: Detoxify or Die…by Gabriela Segura, M.D." rel="bookmark" href="http://www.joelbomane.com/detoxify-or-die-by-gabriela-segura-m-d/">Detoxify or Die…</a>by Gabriela Segura, M.D.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050"><strong>Big History: The Big Bang, Life on Earth, and the Rise of Humanity</strong></a> (paid course)</p>
<p>Taught by<strong> Professor  <a title="David Christian (historian)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christian_%28historian%29">David Christian</a></strong>, <a title="Doctor of Philosophy" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy">D. Phil</a>., <a title="University of Oxford" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.7611,-1.2534&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=51.7611,-1.2534%20%28University%20of%20Oxford%29&amp;t=h">Oxford University</a>, <a title="Macquarie University" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-33.7752777778,151.113888889&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=-33.7752777778,151.113888889%20%28Macquarie%20University%29&amp;t=h">Macquarie University</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.joelbomane.com/dr-david-christian-big-history/"><strong>http://www.joelbomane.com/dr-david-christian-big-history </strong><br /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gifted-Hands-20th-Anniversary-Carson/dp/0310332907/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318579751&amp;sr=8-2"><strong>Gifted Hands 20th Anniversary Edition: </strong></a><strong>The <a class="zem_slink" title="Benjamin Carson" rel="answerscom" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/benjamin-carson#Gale_Contemporary_Black_Biography_d">Ben Carson</a> Story</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gifted-Hands-Cuba-Gooding-Jr/dp/B002D755AI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318579751&amp;sr=8-1"><strong>Gifted Hands (2009) </strong></a><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Cuba Gooding Jr." rel="rottentomatoes" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/cuba_gooding_jr">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> (Actor)</strong>, Loren Bass (Actor),</p>
<p><a class="zem_slink" title="Thomas Carter (film director)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carter_%28film_director%29">Thomas Carter</a> (Director) | <strong>Rated: Unrated | Format: DVD</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/John-Adams-UNABRIDGED-CD-AUDIOBOOK/dp/B0015MQP24"><strong>John Adams </strong></a>(UNABRIDGED CD) [AUDIOBOOK CD] [Unabridged] [Audio CD]</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books&amp;field-author=David%20McCullough">David McCullough</a> (Author)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hidden-Brain-Unconscious-Presidents-Control/dp/0385525222/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1319012546&amp;sr=8-1"><strong>The Hidden Brain</strong></a>: <strong>How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives </strong></p>
<p>by <strong>Shankar Vedantam</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss/187-0823312-7674656?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;field-keywords=iain+mcgilchrist&amp;x=0&amp;y=0"><strong>The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World</strong> </a>by <strong>Iain McGilchristh</strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Change-Your-Brain-Life-Obsessiveness/dp/0812929985/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318519183&amp;sr=8-1">Change Your Brain, Change Your Life</a></strong>: by <strong><a title="Daniel G. Amen" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_G._Amen">Daniel G. Amen </a></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Think-Grow-Rich-Napoleon-Hill/dp/1612930298/ref=sr_1_sc_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318520694&amp;sr=1-1-spell"><strong>Think and Grow Rich</strong></a> by<strong> <a title="Napoleon Hill" rel="homepage" href="http://naphill.org/">Napoleon Hill</a> </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Outwitting-Devil-Secret-Freedom-Success/dp/1402784538/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318520532&amp;sr=8-2-fkmr0"><strong>Outwitting the Devil: The Secret to Freedom and Success</strong></a></p>
<p><strong>Napoleon Hill (Author), <a title="Sharon Lechter" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lechter">Sharon L. Lechter</a> CPA (Editor), Michael Bernard Beckwith (Afterword), <a title="Mark Victor Hansen" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Victor_Hansen">Mark Victor Hansen</a> (Foreword)</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div>
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<div class="zemanta-img zemanta-action-dragged" style="margin: 1em; display: block;"><div class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 208px"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Change-Your-Brain-Life-Obsessiveness/dp/0812929985%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0812929985"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted" title="Cover of " src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/515380P8Y7L._SL300_.jpg" alt="Cover of " width="198" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Cover via Amazon</p></div></div>
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<p><strong>ABOUT WATER CRISIS? SINCE WE ARE IN THE BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Did YOU know that </strong><strong>your brain is 85% water?</strong></p>
<p>and that it needs plenty of liquids to keep it from becoming  dehydrated, something that can decrease your thinking and impair your  judgment. And also…two of the best and cheapest beverages you can drink  are skim milk and water. Skim milk is low in fat and high in protein and  calcium, and fortified with vitamins A and D that can provide you with a  nutritional punch.</p>
<p>Again water is one of the best things for your brain and body health.  Fortunately, you don&#8217;t need to buy pricey bottled water. With a water  filter that fits on your kitchen faucet, you can drink from the tape and  get healthy, filtered water that will keep your brain and body hydrated  for optimal performance. And You WANT  a more flavorful beverage, fill  up a jug with filtered water, add a few orange slices, and keep it in  the refrigerator for easy access.</p>
<p><strong>WE SAID THERE IS A FOOD AND FOOD PRICE CRISIS:</strong></p>
<p>There is an interesting story about Dr. Amen, a physician, child and adult <strong>psychiatrist</strong> who appeared on MSNBC&#8217;s nationally televised forum <em>About Our Children</em>, <strong>hosted by Bill Cosby. Bill</strong> asked him a very intriguing question. They were talking about how  important good nutrition is for optimal brain performance and physical  health when Mr. Cosby asked…:</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;How do we teach poor people to eat right when bad food is so cheap?&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>Dr. Amen with the help of Dr. Jeff Fortuna, the author of Nutrition  for the Focused Brain came up with ….the following 10 tips to help  people living in poverty, as well as those…. who are simply strapped for  cash during these tough economic times, to eat healthier without  spending a fortune.</p>
<p><strong>I’ll summarize the 10 TIPS here:</strong></p>
<p><strong>First of all: Go for Satisfying Grains:</strong> Give your children  oatmeal for breakfast  (make sure it is the old-fashioned kind, not the  instant kind). They are loaded with soluble and insoluble fiber, they  moderate blood sugar for hours, which helps keep you feeling full  longer.</p>
<p><strong>Also, buy Vitamin-Rich Vegetables :</strong> frozen vegetables such as  broccoli, and carrots. The freezing process does remove some of the  vitamin content, but frozen vegetables are still a great source of  brain-boosting, anti-aging, disease-fighting nutrients.</p>
<p><strong>You can boost with Antioxidants such as Apples, Oranges, and Bananas:</strong> Just one orange can provide more than 200 percent of the daily vitamin C  requirement . Eating an orange is so much better for you than drinking  orange juice &#8211; and cheaper.</p>
<p><strong>You should eat Cottage Cheese: </strong>It is a dietary protein that primes dopamine, a brain neurotransmitter that is involved with attention span.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>You can Pump Up Protein with Affordable Eggs :</strong> Eggs are a  great source of protein. If you have high cholesterol, toss the yolks  and just eat the egg whites, the only food source that is a perfect  protein.<strong> </strong></p>
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<p><strong>Now think about it…there is a way to Fill Up on High-Fiber: Low-Cost Beans: beans are </strong>loaded  with fiber and high in protein, they should be a staple in any  household struggling financially. To be extra economical, choose  uncooked black beans, red beans, lima beans, garbanzo beans, white  beans, or any other variety rather than canned beans which are more  expensive.<strong> </strong></p>
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<p><strong>Finally…you should Stock Up on Canned Tuna:</strong> Eating fish like  tuna is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to  improve heart health, reduce the risk of dementia and Alzheimer&#8217;s  disease, reduce depression, and lower blood pressure.</p>
<p><strong>SOME FACTS ABOUT YOUR AMAZING BRAIN…</strong></p>
<p>Did you know…</p>
<p>•	The average human brain weights about 3 pounds. Compare that to the brain of a sperm whale brain (17 pounds), dog (2.5 ounces), cat (1 ounce=about 30 grams), and goldfish (1/333 ounce).</p>
<p>•	The human brain may not be the largest of all brains, but it is the biggest when compared to body size.</p>
<p>•	During waking hours, the brain generates between 10 and 23 watts of power—enough to light a light bulb.</p>
<p>•	Information in the brain travels at speeds of up to 268 miles per hour, faster than the racecars in the Indy 500, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down.</p>
<p>•	Your brain is approximately 85% water.</p>
<p>•	Your brain is estimated to have more than 100 billion neurons (also called nerve cells or brain cells), which is about the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.</p>
<p>•	Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to 40,000 individual connections called synapses.</p>
<p>•	Your brain has more connections than there are stars in the universe? 1 followed by 15  ZEROS more than stars in the universe.</p>
<p>•	A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses all “talking” to each other.</p>
<p>•	Sorry FOR THE FACE LIFT INDUSTRY…A wrinkled brain makes you smarter! Yes!  The brain’s wrinkles, and grooves give it more surface area and more processing power.</p>
<p>•	Your brain represents only about 2 percent of your body weight, but it consumes about 25% of the calories you consume, 25% of the total blood flow in your body, and 20% of the oxygen you breathe.</p>
<p>•	The idea that we only use 10% of our brains is a MYTH!  You may not use every neuron in your brain at the same time, but each is important.</p>
<p>•	Your brain doesn’t fully mature until you reach about 25 years of age.</p>
<p>•	Your brain NEVER turns off or even rests, not even while you sleep. Your brain is very active at night, especially during dreaming.</p>
<p>•	And finally contrary to popular belief, your brain never stops changing and can continue to form new neural connections throughout your lifetime.</p>
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		<title>Oskar Schindler</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 09:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[




Oskar Schindler





Born
28 April 1908Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Svitavy,Czech Republic)


Died
9 October 1974 (aged 66)Hildesheim, West Germany


Resting place
Jerusalem, Israel31.770164°N 35.230423°E


Occupation
Industrialist


Political party
National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)


Religion
Catholic


Spouse
Emilie Schindler


Parents
Hans SchindlerFranziska Luser



Oskar Schindler (28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was an ethnic German industrialist born in Moravia. He is credited with saving over 1,100 Jewsduring the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were located [...]]]></description>
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<th colspan="2"><a class="zem_slink" title="Oskar Schindler" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=31.770164,35.230423&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=31.770164,35.230423 (Oskar%20Schindler)&amp;t=h">Oskar Schindler</a></th>
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<td colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar_Schindler.jpg"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" title="Oskar Schindler" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Oskar_Schindler.jpg" alt="Oskar Schindler" width="147" height="237" /></a></td>
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<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>28 April 1908<br /><a title="Svitavy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svitavy">Zwittau</a>, <a title="Moravia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a title="Austria-Hungary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (present-day Svitavy,<a title="Czech Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</td>
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<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>9 October 1974 (aged 66)<br /><a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a title="West Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany">West Germany</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
<td><a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel<br /><img title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" alt="" /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Oskar_Schindler&amp;params=31.770164_N_35.230423_E_type:landmark_region:IL">31.770164°N 35.230423°E</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
<td>Industrialist</td>
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<th scope="row">Political party</th>
<td><a title="National Socialist German Workers Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> (Nazi)</td>
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<th scope="row">Religion</th>
<td><a title="Roman Catholic Church" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church">Catholic</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Spouse</th>
<td><a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie Schindler</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Parents</th>
<td>Hans Schindler<br />Franziska Luser</td>
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<p><strong>Oskar Schindler</strong> (28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was an ethnic German <a title="Industrialist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialist">industrialist</a> born in <a title="Moravia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia">Moravia</a>. He is credited with saving over 1,100<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span><a title="Jew" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew">Jews</a>during <a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by employing them in his <a title="Enamelware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelware">enamelware</a> and <a title="Ammunition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition">ammunitions</a> factories, which were located in what is now Poland and the Czech Republic respectively.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>He is the subject of the novel <em><a title="Schindler's Ark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark">Schindler&#8217;s Ark</a></em>, and the film based on it, <em><a title="Schindler's List" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List">Schindler&#8217;s List</a></em>.</p>
<p>Schindler was born on 28 April 1908 into a <a class="zem_slink" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_%281918%E2%80%931938%29">Sudeten German</a> family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His parents, Hans Schindler and Franziska Luser, were divorced when he was 27. Oskar was always very close to his younger sister, Elfriede. Schindler was brought up within the <a class="zem_slink" title="Catholic Church" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Although he never formally renounced his religion, Oskar was never more than an indifferent Catholic. After school he worked as a commercial salesman.Early life and career</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg/220px-Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="176" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Oskar and Emilie in 1946</p>
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<p>On 6 March 1928, Schindler married <a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie Pelzl</a> (1907–2001), daughter of a wealthy <a title="Sudeten German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German">Sudeten German</a> farmer from <a title="Maletín" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malet%C3%ADn">Maletein</a>. A pious Catholic, Emilie had received most of her education in a nearby <a title="Monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery">monastery</a>. During the<a title="Great Depression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a>, Oskar changed jobs several times. He also tried starting various businesses, but always went bankrupt. He joined the separatist <a title="Sudeten German Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party">Sudeten German Party</a> in 1935. Though officially a citizen of <a title="Czechoslovakia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Schindler also became a spy for the <a title="Abwehr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, then commanded by Admiral <a title="Wilhelm Canaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>.  He was convicted of espionage and imprisoned by the Czechoslovakian government in July 1938, but after the <a title="Munich Agreement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, he was released as a political prisoner. In 1939 Schindler joined the <a title="Nazi Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party">Nazi Party</a>. One source contends that he also continued to work for Canaris and the Abwehr, paving the way for the <a title="Wehrmacht" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>&#8217;s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.</p>
<h2>World War II</h2>
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<th><a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></th>
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<p><a title="Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May, 1944" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" alt="Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May, 1944" width="180" height="135" /></a></p>
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<p>As an opportunistic businessman, Schindler was one of many who sought to profit from the <a title="Invasion of Poland (1939)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)">German invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. He gained ownership from a bankruptcy court of an idle <a title="Enamelware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelware">enamelware</a> factory in <a title="Kraków" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Kraków</a>, named Pierwsza Małopolska Fabryka Naczyń Emaliowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych &#8220;Rekord&#8221;,  which he renamed <em>Deutsche Emaillewaren-Fabrik</em> or DEF (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=50.0478561&amp;lon=19.9611068&amp;z=18&amp;l=0&amp;m=b">location</a>). With the help of his German-speaking Jewish accountant <a title="Itzhak Stern" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzhak_Stern">Itzhak Stern</a>,  Schindler obtained around 1,000 Jewish forced labourers to work there.</p>
<p>Schindler soon adapted his lifestyle to his income. He became a well-respected guest at <a title="Schutzstaffel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel">Nazi SS</a> <a title="Elite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite">elite</a> parties, having easy chats with high-ranking SS officers, often for his benefit. Initially Schindler may have been motivated by money, as Jewish labour cost less, but later he began shielding his workers without regard for cost. He would, for instance, claim that certain unskilled workers were essential to the factory.</p>
<p>While witnessing a 1943 raid on the <a title="Kraków Ghetto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a>, where soldiers were used to round up the inhabitants for shipment to the <a title="Concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp">concentration camp</a> at<a title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp">Płaszów</a>, Schindler was appalled by the murder of many of the Jews who had been working for him. He was a very persuasive individual, and after the raid, increasingly used all of his skills to protect his <em><a title="Schindlerjuden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindlerjuden">Schindlerjuden</a></em> (&#8220;Schindler&#8217;s Jews&#8221;), as they came to be called. Schindler went out of his way to take care of the Jews who worked at DEF, often calling on his legendary charm and ingratiating manner to help his workers get out of difficult situations. Once, says author Eric Silver in <em>The Book of the Just</em>, &#8220;Two <a title="Gestapo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo">Gestapo</a> men came to his office and demanded that he hand over a family of five who had bought forged Polish identity papers. &#8216;Three hours after they walked in,&#8217; Schindler said, &#8216;two drunk Gestapo men reeled out of my office without their prisoners and without the incriminating documents they had demanded&#8217;&#8221;. The special status of his factory (&#8220;business essential to the war effort&#8221;) became the decisive factor for Schindler&#8217;s efforts to support his Jewish workers. Whenever &#8220;Schindler Jews&#8221; were threatened with deportation, he claimed exemptions for them. Wives, children, and even handicapped persons were shown to be necessary mechanics and metalworkers.</p>
<p>In the factory itself, Jewish workers were treated civilly, with none of the &#8220;shouting, abuse and random killing&#8221; that was going on in the Płaszów camp next-door. The Jews were able to pray in a <a title="Minyan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan">minyan</a> daily, and gathered at night to learn <a title="Chumash (Judaism)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)">Chumash</a> and exchange <a title="Torah study" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study#D.27var_Torah">words of Torah</a> and stories of <a title="Gedolim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedolim">Gedolim</a>. At the close of <a title="Shabbat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, the workers gathered for <a title="Shalosh Seudos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalosh_Seudos">Shalosh Seudos</a> and sang <em><a title="Zemirot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemirot">zemirot</a></em> (Shabbat-table songs), said words of Torah, and told stories of <a title="Tzadik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik">tzaddikim</a>.</p>
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<div><a title="Schindler's factory at Kraków in 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/190px-Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" alt="" width="190" height="143" /></a></div>
<div>Schindler&#8217;s factory at <a title="Kraków" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Kraków</a> in 2006</div>
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<div><a title="Schindler's factory at Brněnec in 2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG/190px-Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG" alt="" width="190" height="143" /></a></div>
<div>Schindler&#8217;s factory at <a title="Brněnec" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brn%C4%9Bnec">Brněnec</a> in 2004</div>
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<p>Schindler was arrested three times on suspicion of <a title="Black market" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market">black market</a> activities and complicity in <a title="Embezzlement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, as well as breaking the <a title="Nuremberg Laws" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> by kissing a Jewish girl. <a title="Amon Göth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th">Amon Göth</a>, the commandant of the Płaszów camp, and other SS guards used Jewish property (such as money, jewellery, and works of art) for themselves, although according to law, it belonged to the Reich. Schindler arranged the sale of such items on the black market. None of his arrests led to a trial, primarily because he bribed government officials to avoid further investigation.</p>
<p>As the <a title="Red Army" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army">Red Army</a> drew nearer to <a title="Auschwitz concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> and the other easternmost concentration camps, the SS began evacuating the remaining prisoners westward. Amon Göth&#8217;s personal secretary, <a title="Mietek Pemper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mietek_Pemper">Mietek Pemper</a>, alerted Schindler to the Nazis&#8217; plans to close all factories not directly involved with the war effort, including Schindler&#8217;s enamelware facility. Pemper also persuaded and encouraged Schindler to switch production from enamelware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to save Schindler&#8217;s Jewish workers. Tipped off to the factory closure, Schindler persuaded the SS officials to allow him to move his 1,200 Jewish workers to <a title="Brněnec" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brn%C4%9Bnec">Brünnlitz</a> (<a title="Czech language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language">Czech</a>: <em>Brněnec</em>), in the <a title="German-speaking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking">German-speaking</a> <a title="Sudetenland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, thus sparing them from certain death in the gas chambers. Mietek Pemper further aided Schindler&#8217;s efforts by compiling and typing the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 of Schindler&#8217;s workers and 200 other inmates—who were sent to Brünnlitz in October 1944.</p>
<p>In Brünnlitz, Schindler gained another <a title="Aryanization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryanization">former Jewish factory</a>, which was scheduled to produce hand grenades and parts for <a title="V2 rocket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_rocket">V2 rockets</a>. It is unclear how much armament was actually produced there; Schindler and some of the workers claimed in the immediate post-war years that there had been no production that would have been useful to the German war effort, and even that some or all of the output had been deliberately faulty product.</p>
<h2>After the war</h2>
<p>Schindler and his wife fled to Austria&#8217;s U.S. zone, escaping prosecution by dressing in prison clothes and carrying a letter testifying to their heroic actions. By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black-market purchases of supplies for his workers. Virtually destitute, he moved briefly to <a title="Regensburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and later <a title="Munich" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich">Munich</a>, but did not prosper in postwar Germany. In fact, he was reduced to receiving assistance from Jewish organizations. Eventually, Schindler emigrated to <a title="Argentina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a> in 1948, where he went bankrupt. He left his wife Emilie in 1957 and returned to Germany in 1958, where he had a series of unsuccessful business ventures. Schindler settled down in a small apartment at Am Hauptbahnhof Nr. 4 in <a title="Frankfurt am Main" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, West Germany and tried again – with help from a Jewish organization – to establish a cement factory. This, too, went bankrupt in 1961. His business partners cancelled their partnership. In 1968 he began receiving a small pension from the West German government.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchindlerHildesheim.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SchindlerHildesheim.jpg/220px-SchindlerHildesheim.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchindlerHildesheim.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Commemorative plaque at Goettingstrasse 30, <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></p>
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<p>In 1971, Schindler moved to live with friends at Goettingstrasse Nr. 30 in <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>. Due to a heart complaint he was taken to the Saint Bernward Hospital in Hildesheim on 12 September 1974, where he died on 9 October 1974, at the age of 66. At the time of his death, he was surrounded by friends and family. He died penniless; the costs for his stay in the hospital were paid from social welfare of the city of Hildesheim.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave2010.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Schindlergrave2010.jpg/170px-Schindlergrave2010.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="227" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave2010.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p><strong>Schindler&#8217;s grave</strong></p>
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<p>Schindler wanted to be buried in <a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, as he said, &#8220;My children are here&#8221;. After a <a title="Requiem Mass" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Mass">Requiem Mass</a>, Schindler was buried at the Catholic <a title="Franciscan Order" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Order">Franciscans&#8217;</a> cemetery on <a title="Mount Zion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion">Mount Zion</a>, the only member of the Nazi Party to be honoured in this way. A sign at the entrance to the cemetery directs visitors &#8220;To Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Grave&#8221;.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg/220px-Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Side view of Schindler&#8217;s grave, piled with small stones left by Jewish visitors</p>
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<p>Schindler&#8217;s grave is located on the mountainside below Zion Gate and the <a title="Old City (Jerusalem)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)">Old City walls</a>. Stones placed on top of the grave are a sign of gratitude from Jewish visitors, according to <a title="Bereavement in Judaism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism#Visiting_the_gravesite">Jewish tradition</a>, although Schindler himself was not Jewish. On his grave, the <a title="Hebrew language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a> inscription reads: &#8220;<a title="Righteous among the Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a>&#8220;, an <a title="Honorific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific">honorific</a> used by the <a title="State of Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel">State of Israel</a> to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during <a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> to save <a title="Jews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews">Jews</a> from extermination by the <a title="Nazi Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany">Nazis</a>. The German inscription reads: &#8220;The Unforgettable Lifesaver of 1200 Persecuted Jews&#8221;</p>
<p>No one knows what Schindler&#8217;s motives were. He was quoted as saying &#8220;I knew the people who worked for me&#8230; When you know people, you have to behave towards them like human beings.&#8221;</p>
<p>The writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler in 1948 at the behest of some of the surviving <em>Schindlerjuden</em>(Schindler&#8217;s Jews), wrote:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Oskar Schindler&#8217;s exceptional deeds stemmed from just that elementary sense of decency and humanity that our sophisticated age seldom sincerely believes in. A repentant opportunist saw the light and rebelled against the sadism and vile criminality all around him. The inference may be disappointingly simple, especially for all amateur psychoanalysts who would prefer the deeper and more mysterious motive that may, if it is true, still lie unprobed and unappreciated. But an hour with Oskar Schindler encourages belief in the simple answer.&#8221;</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>Legacy</h2>
<h3><em>Schindler&#8217;s List</em> (<em>Schindler&#8217;s Ark</em>)</h3>
<p>Schindler&#8217;s story, retold by Holocaust survivor <a title="Poldek Pfefferberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldek_Pfefferberg">Poldek Pfefferberg</a>, was the basis for <a title="Thomas Keneally" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a>&#8217;s book <em><a title="Schindler's Ark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark">Schindler&#8217;s Ark</a></em> (the novel was published in America as <em>Schindler&#8217;s List</em>), which was adapted into the 1993 movie <em><a title="Schindler's List" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List">Schindler&#8217;s List</a></em> by <a title="Steven Spielberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>. In the film, he is played by <a title="Liam Neeson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson">Liam Neeson</a>, who was nominated for the <a title="Academy Award for Best Actor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for his portrayal. The film won seven<a title="Oscars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscars">Oscars</a>, including the <a title="Academy Award for Best Picture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>. The prominence of Spielberg&#8217;s film introduced Schindler into popular culture. As the film is the sole source of most people&#8217;s knowledge of Schindler, he is generally perceived much as Spielberg&#8217;s film depicts him: as a man who was instinctively driven by profit-driven amorality, but who at some point made a silent but conscious decision that preserving the lives of his Jewish employees was imperative, even if requiring massive payments to induce Nazis to turn a blind eye.</p>
<p>Other film treatments have included a 1983 British television documentary produced by Thames Television, narrated by Sir <a title="Dirk Bogarde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> entitled, <em>Schindler: The Documentary</em> (released in the US in 1994 as <em>Schindler: The Real Story</em>), and a 1998 <a title="A&amp;E Biography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Biography">A&amp;E Biography</a> special, <em>Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind the List</em>.</p>
<h3>Schindler&#8217;s suitcase</h3>
<p>In late 1999 a suitcase belonging to Schindler was discovered, containing over 7,000 photographs and documents, including the list of Schindler&#8217;s Jewish workers. The document, on his enamelware factory&#8217;s letterhead, had been provided to the SS stating that the named workers were &#8220;essential&#8221; employees. Friends of Schindler found the suitcase in the attic of a house in <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, where he had been staying at the time of his death. The friends took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where its discovery was reported by a newspaper, the <em><a title="Stuttgarter Zeitung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarter_Zeitung">Stuttgarter Zeitung</a></em>. The contents of the suitcase, including the list of the names of those he had saved and the text of his farewell speech before leaving his Jewish workers in 1945, are now at the Holocaust museum of <a title="Yad Vashem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> in <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enamel_factory.JPG"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Enamel_factory.JPG/220px-Enamel_factory.JPG" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enamel_factory.JPG"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Schindler&#8217;s enamel factory in 2009</p>
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<h3>List of Schindlerjuden</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="List of Schindlerjuden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schindlerjuden">List of Schindlerjuden</a></div>
<p>In early April 2009, a second list was discovered at the <a title="State Library of New South Wales" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales">State Library of New South Wales</a>, Australia by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by author Thomas Keneally. The 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed between research notes and original newspaper clippings. This list, given to Keneally in 1980 by <a title="Leopold Pfefferberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Pfefferberg">Leopold Pfefferberg</a>, who was listed as worker number 173, differs slightly from the other list, but is nonetheless considered to be genuine and authentic. It is believed that several lists were made during the war as the protected population changed. This particular list, dated 18 April 1945, was given to Keneally by Pfefferberg when he was persuading Keneally to write Schindler&#8217;s story. In the last months of the war, German Nazi camps stepped up their extermination efforts. This list is believed to have saved the lives of 801 people from death in the gas chambers. It was this list, taken with the surrounding events of the time, that inspired Keneally to write his novel.</p>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individuals_and_groups_assisting_Jews_during_the_Holocaust">List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust</a></li>
<li><a title="Righteous among the Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a></li>
<li><a title="Yad Vashem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem#Righteous_Among_the_Nations">Yad Vashem Righteous among the Nations</a></li>
<li><a title="List of Righteous among the Nations by country" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Righteous_among_the_Nations_by_country">List of Righteous among the Nations by country</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a title="Raoul Wallenberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a></li>
<li><a title="Necdet Kent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necdet_Kent">Necdet Kent</a></li>
<li><a title="Abdol Hossein Sardari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdol_Hossein_Sardari">Abdol Hossein Sardari</a></li>
<li><a title="Chiune Sugihara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a></li>
<li><a title="John Rabe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rabe">John Rabe</a></li>
<li><a title="Leo Rosner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rosner">Leo Rosner</a></li>
<li><a title="Ángel Sanz Briz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sanz_Briz">Ángel Sanz Briz</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>References</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-NYTobit-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-4"><sup><em><strong>e</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&amp;res=F10813FD3B591A728DDDAA0994D8415B848BF1D3">&#8220;Oskar Schindler, Saved 1200 Jews&#8221;</a> (PDF). <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>. 13 October 1974. Retrieved 2009-01-20.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7377765.stm">BBC NEWS | Middle East | Schindler list survivor recalls saviour</a>. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Schindlersglist.htm">Other sources</a> vary, placing the number at 1,098 according to the list, along with an additional 100 people according to a letter signed by Isaak Stern, former employee Pal. Office in Krakow, Dr. Hilfstein, Chaim Salpeter, Former President of the Zionist Executive in Krakow for Galicia and Silesia.</li>
<li id="cite_note-maple-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-4"><sup><em><strong>e</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-5"><sup><em><strong>f</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-6"><sup><em><strong>g</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-7"><sup><em><strong>h</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-8"><sup><em><strong>i</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/steinhouse.html">Herbert Steinhouse, &#8220;The Real Oskar Schindler&#8221;, <em>Saturday Night</em> Magazine, April, 1994.</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> Thomas Keneally, <em>Schindler&#8217;s Ark</em>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340335017">ISBN 0-340-33501-7</a>).</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE1DD133CF93BA35753C1A9679C8B63&amp;scp=8&amp;sq">&#8220;Emilie Schindler, 93, Dies; Saved Jews in War&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>. October 8, 2001. Retrieved 2009-01-20.Schindler&#8217;s wife <a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie</a> was born on 22 October 1907, the daughter of Josef and Maria Pelzl, and died on 5 October 2001, at age 93 in a hospital in Berlin. They did not have children.</li>
<li id="cite_note-grunt-5"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-grunt_5-0">^</a></strong> Jitka Gruntová, <em>Legendy a fakta o Oskaru Schindlerovi</em>. Naše vojsko, 2002 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8020606076">ISBN 80-206-0607-6</a>).</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> Brzoskwinia, Waldemar (19 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,90719,5328861,Zablocie__chlodnia_i_fabryki.html">&#8220;Spacerownik. Zabłocie: chłodnia i fabryki&#8221;</a>. <em>Gazeta Wyborcza</em> (Kraków).</li>
<li id="cite_note-DC-7">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/schindler/">&#8220;Oskar Schindler: An Unlikely Hero&#8221;</a>. <a title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-8">^</a></strong> Eric Silver (1992). <em>The book of the just – the silent heroes who saved Jews from Hitler</em>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0802113478" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802113478">0802113478</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong> Werdyger, Duvid (1993). <em>Songs of Hope</em>. Lakewood, N.J.: CIS Publishers. pp. 161–162. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/1560622261" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560622261">1560622261</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph-10">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8578020/Mietek-Pemper.html">&#8220;Mietek Pemper&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="The Daily Telegraph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></em>. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-26.</li>
<li id="cite_note-nytimes-11">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-nytimes_11-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-nytimes_11-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> Martin, Douglas (2011-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/world/europe/19pemper.html">&#8220;Mietek Pemper, 91, Camp Inmate Who Compiled Schindler’s List&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times">New York Times</a></em>. Retrieved 2011-06-26.</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-12">^</a></strong> Gutman (1995). <em>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</em>. MacMillan Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0028645278" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028645278">0028645278</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-13">^</a></strong> Maslin, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/119912/Schindler-s-List/overview?scp=1&amp;sq=schindler%27s%20list&amp;st=cse">&#8220;Movies: About Schindler&#8217;s List&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-life-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-life_14-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-life_14-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> Bulow, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/">&#8220;Oskar Schindler: His List of Life&#8221;</a>. oskarschindler.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hildesheim-15"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-Hildesheim_15-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stadtarchiv-hildesheim.de/publikationen/dok_35_schindler.htm">&#8220;City of Hildesheim Archives (in German)&#8221;</a>. 2 October 1999. Retrieved 2007-12-16.</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-16">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dlddu.de/index.php?id=244941&amp;middle=holidaycheck&amp;anz=mb&amp;bid=1155834312&amp;ch=ub">Photos of house and plaque</a> located at Göttingstr.30 in Hildesheim where Oskar Schindler lived from 1972 to his death in 1974. He was a guest of Dr. Staehr and his wife.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deutsches_Historisches_Museum-17"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-Deutsches_Historisches_Museum_17-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchindlerOskar/index.html">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a> Article Oskar Schindler.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-18">^</a></strong> Crowe, David M. (2004). <em>Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind The List</em>. Philadelphia: Westview Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3375-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3375-X">0-8133-3375-X</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-19">^</a></strong> Bellafante, Ginia. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://tv.nytimes.com/show/60358/Schindler-The-Real-Story/overview">&#8220;Test&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-20">^</a></strong> Goodman, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://tv.nytimes.com/show/57324/Oskar-Schindler-The-Man-Behind-the-List/overview">&#8220;Test&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong> Bulow, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/16.htm">&#8220;The Suitcase&#8221;</a>. oskarschindler.com.</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090406/ts_afp/australiagermanyhistorywwiiholocaustschindler">&#8220;Schingler&#8221;</a> (<sup>[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot">dead link</a></em>]</sup>). <em>News</em> (Yahoo!). 2009-04-06.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/"><br />The Schindler Story</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://schindlersfactory.com/">Biggest online gallery of images of Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Factory in Kraków</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindlersfactory.com/">Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Factory info and tours</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/germany/germany_shindler.html">Oskar and Emilie Schindler &#8211; Righteous Among the Nations &#8211; Yad Vashem</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://auschwitz.dk/Schindlerslist.htm">Oskar Schindler&#8217;s list at Auschwitz.dk</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/our_collections/schindlers_list/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Aerial Evidence for Schindler&#8217;s List</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hearthasreasons.com/bibliography.php">Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/spielberg.html#schindler">Schindler&#8217;s List (film) bibliography via UC Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mietek-pemper.de/w/images/7/7f/OS_%28105%29.jpg">Pictures of Oskar Schindler&#8217;s suitcase</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=4724">Find-A-Grave profile for Oskar Schindler</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/schindler/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum &#8211; Oskar Schindler</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20090226"><em>Voices on Antisemitism</em> Interview with Helen Jonas</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/nyregion/thecity/02schi.html">Interview with Mimi Reinhard, Schindler&#8217;s secretary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="margin-top: 10px; height: 15px; text-align: left;"><strong>Source: Wikipedia  
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<p><strong> </strong><br /><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" title="Enhanced by Zemanta" href="http://www.zemanta.com/"><img class="zemanta-pixie-img" style="border: none; float: right;" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=ec7a1775-8375-49f0-ba65-7adb3a876c26" alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" /></a></p>
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		<title>Dr. David Christian Big History</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/dr-david-christian-big-history/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/dr-david-christian-big-history/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2011 11:42:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Dr. David Gilbert Christian (1946-) is an Anglo-American historian.
Christian was born in Brooklyn, New York, to British and American parents. He grew up in Africa and in England, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. at Oxford University.

Translated into French (France) by Joel Bomane  Reviewed by Timothée Parrique
Subsequently Dr. Christian taught at Macquarie University [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Dr. David Gilbert Christian</strong> (1946-) is an Anglo-American historian.</p>
<p>Christian was born in <a title="Brooklyn, New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, to British and American parents. He grew up in <a title="Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a> and in <a title="England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England">England</a>, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. at <a title="Oxford University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University">Oxford University</a>.</p>
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<p>Translated into French (France) by <a id="translatorLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/41684" target="_blank">Joel Bomane</a> <br /> Reviewed by <a id="reviewerLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/643486" target="_blank">Timothée Parrique</a></p>
<p>Subsequently <a class="zem_slink" title="Dr. Christian" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Christian">Dr. Christian</a> taught at <a title="Macquarie University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University">Macquarie University</a> in <a title="Sydney, Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia">Sydney, Australia</a> for thirty years before moving to <a title="San Diego State University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University">San Diego State University</a> in 2002. Originally a historian of Russia who wrote several books on   that subject, including a history of vodka, Christian has in recent   years become interested in writing history, as he puts it, &#8220;on very   large scales.&#8221; To this end, he has developed a World History course   informally entitled &#8220;<a title="Big History" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History">Big History</a>&#8221; which tells the story of the universe &#8211; the entire universe, from the moment of the <a title="Big Bang" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang">Big Bang</a> 13 billion years ago to the present day.</p>
<p>Using  this novel approach, Dr. Christian structures the course to  reflect,  roughly, the relatively minuscule role played by the human race  in the  Earth&#8217;s overall development: <em><a title="Homo sapiens" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">homo sapiens</a></em> does not appear until more than midway through a 15-week <a title="Semester" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semester">semester</a>. Dr. Christian&#8217;s book <em>Maps of Time</em>, published by the <a title="University of California Press" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press">University of California Press</a>, mirrors the content of the course.</p>
<p>Dr. Christian&#8217;s presentation of <a title="Big History" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History">Big History</a> was recently made into a 48 lecture course (30 minutes each) for The Teaching Company.</p>
<p><a title="Bill Gates" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates">Bill Gates</a> presented <a class="zem_slink" title="David Christian (historian)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christian_%28historian%29">David Christian</a> at the <a title="TED (conference)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_%28conference%29">TED</a> 2011 Conference in <a class="zem_slink" title="Long Beach, California" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.8041666667,-118.158055556&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=33.8041666667,-118.158055556%20%28Long%20Beach%2C%20California%29&amp;t=h">Long Beach, CA</a>. At that time, Dr. Christian announced his initiative, The <a title="Big History Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History_Project">Big History Project</a>,   to teach big history to secondary school students in Australia and the   United States. He is currently serving as President of the <a title="International Big History Association (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Big_History_Association&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">International Big History Association</a>.</p>
<p><a class="zem_slink" title="Wikipedia" rel="homepage" href="http://www.wikipedia.org">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n96-115443">PUBLICATIONS TIMELINE</a>:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n96-115443">http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n96-115443</a></p>
<p><strong>THE GREAT COURSES: </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050"><strong>Big History: The Big Bang, Life on Earth, and the Rise of Humanity</strong></a></p>
<div>Taught By 			<a name="349" href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050#">Professor  David Christian</a>, D. Phil., Oxford University,<br />Macquarie University</div>
<div><a href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050">http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050</a></div>
<div><a href="http://www.bighistoryproject.com/"><strong>Big History: An Introduction to Everything:</strong></a></div>
<div><a href="http://www.bighistoryproject.com/">http://www.bighistoryproject.com/</a></div>
<div>
<h1 id="firstHeading">Big History</h1>
<p><strong>Big History</strong> is a field of <a title="Historiography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography">historical study</a> that examines <a title="History" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History">history</a> on a large scale across long <a title="Time frame" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_frame">time frames</a> through a multi-disciplinary approach<sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> and gives a focus on the alteration and adaptations in the human experience.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterStearns_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-PeterStearns-1">[2]</a></sup> It arose as a distinct field in the late 1980s and is related to, but distinct from, <a title="World history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history">world history</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PeterStearns_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-PeterStearns-1">[2]</a></sup> as the field examines history from the <a title="Beginning of time" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginning_of_time">beginning of time</a> to the <a title="Present day" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_day">present day</a>. In some respects, the field is thus similar to the older <a title="Universal history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_history">universal history</a>.</p>
<p>Big history looks at the past on all time scales, from the <a title="Big Bang" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang">Big Bang</a> to <a title="Modernity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity">modernity</a>, seeking out common <a title="Theme (literature)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28literature%29">themes</a> and <a title="Pattern" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern">patterns</a>. It uses a multi-disciplinary approach from the latest findings, such as <a title="Biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology">biology</a>, <a title="Astronomy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a title="Geology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology">geology</a>, <a title="Climatology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology">climatology</a>, <a title="Prehistory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory">prehistory</a>, <a title="Archeology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology">archeology</a>, <a title="Anthropology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a title="Cosmology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a title="Natural history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history">natural history</a>, and <a title="Population" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population">population</a> and <a title="Environmental studies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies">environmental studies</a>.  Big History arose from a desire to go beyond the specialized and  self-contained fields that emerged in the 20th century and grasp history  as a whole, looking for common themes across the entire time scale of  history.<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> Conventionally, the study of history is typically limited to the  written word and the systematic narrative and research of past events as  relating to the <a title="Human race" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race">human race</a>;  yet this only encompasses the past 5,000 years or so and leaves out the  vast majority of history and all events in time, in relation to  humanity.</p>
<p>Big history evolved from interdisciplinary studies in the mid-20th century, during the <a title="Cold War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold War</a> and <a title="Space Race" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race">Space Race</a>. Some of the first efforts were Cosmic Evolution at <a title="Harvard University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> (USA) and Universal History in the Soviet Union. The first actual  courses in what is today called big history were experimental ones  taught in the late 1980s by <a title="John Mears (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mears&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">John Mears</a> at <a title="Southern Methodist University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University">Southern Methodist University</a> (<a title="Dallas, Texas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>) and by <a title="David Christian (historian)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christian_%28historian%29">David Christian</a> at <a title="Macquarie University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University">Macquarie University</a> (<a title="Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>) and <a title="San Diego State University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University">San Diego State University</a> (USA).<sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> Since then, other universities have offered similar courses. An important book in big history was published in 1996 by <a title="Fred Spier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Spier">Fred Spier</a> from the University of Amsterdam that was entitled <em><a title="The Structure of Big History: From the Big Bang until Today (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Structure_of_Big_History:_From_the_Big_Bang_until_Today&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">The Structure of Big History: From the Big Bang until Today</a></em>,  which offers an ambitious defense of the project and constructs a  unified account of history across all time scales. One notable text in  big history is David Christian&#8217;s <em><a title="Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maps_of_Time:_An_Introduction_to_Big_History&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History</a></em>,  which explores the trajectory of history from the first micro-seconds  of the Big Bang, to the creation of the solar system, to the origins of  life on earth, the evolution of humans, the <a title="Neolithic Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution">agricultural revolution</a>,  modernity, and the 20th century. In his book and big history course  available through The Teaching Company, Christian examines large-scale  patterns and themes, and provides perspective of time scales. Fred  Spier&#8217;s new text, <em>Big History and the Future of Humanity</em>, was published by <a title="Wiley-Blackwell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a> in 2010. Currently in process is a text book on big history for <a title="McGraw Hill" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill">McGraw Hill</a> by David Christian, <a title="Cynthia Stokes Brown" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a> and <a title="Craig Benjamin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Benjamin">Craig Benjamin</a>. Cynthia Stokes Brown initiated big history at <a title="Dominican University of California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_University_of_California">Dominican University of California</a> and wrote <em>Big History: From the Big Bang to the Present</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> The Dominican University program in big history is part of the university&#8217;s First Year Experience,<sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> and is directed by Mojgan Behmand. As of 2011, about 50 professors are  offering as many courses in big history around the world. There is a  movement underway to make big history the basic course for students in  higher education throughout the world.</p>
<p>The <a title="International Big History Association (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Big_History_Association&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">International Big History Association</a> (IBHA) was founded at the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geosc.psu.edu/%7Edmb53/OGC/index.html">Coldigioco Geological Observatory</a> in Coldigioco, <a title="Marche" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche">Marche</a>, Italy, on 20 August 2010. Its headquarters is located at <a title="Grand Valley State University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University">Grand Valley State University</a> in <a title="Allendale, Michigan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allendale,_Michigan">Allendale, Michigan</a> (USA).</p>
<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/TED/Speakers-Topics/David-Christian/David-Christian-TED2011">BILL GATES NOTES ON DR. DAVID CHRISTIAN</a></strong>:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/TED/Speakers-Topics/David-Christian/David-Christian-TED2011">http://www.thegatesnotes.com/TED/Speakers-Topics/David-Christian/David-Christian-TED2011</a></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/">THE GATES NOTES:</a></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/">http://www.thegatesnotes.com/</a></p>
<h2><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/fre_fr/david_christian_big_history.html">Watch David Christian&#8217;s TED2011 Talk</a></h2>
</div>
<p><strong>David Christian </strong>weaves together a story that helps explain how the universe gradually built greater and greater complexity and reveals what makes humans special. Learn more at the <strong><a href="http://www.bighistoryproject.com/">Big History Project</a>.<br /></strong></p>
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		<title>Salman Khan (educator)</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/salman-khan-educator/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/salman-khan-educator/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2011 10:11:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[Salman Khan (educator)]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Salman Khan
Born 	1977 (age 33–34) New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Residence 	Mountain View, California
Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard Business School Occupation 	Educator
Website: khanacademy.org
Salman Khan (Bengali: সলমান খান, born 1977) is an American educator and founder of the Khan Academy, a free online education platform and not-for-profit organization. He has produced over 2200 popular videos elucidating [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Salman Khan (educator)" rel="homepage" href="http://www.khanacademy.org">Salman Khan</a></strong></p>
<p>Born 	1977 (age 33–34)<br /> <a class="zem_slink" title="New Orleans" rel="lonelyplanet" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, USA<br /> Residence 	<a class="zem_slink" title="Mountain View, California" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.3927777778,-122.041944444&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=37.3927777778,-122.041944444%20%28Mountain%20View%2C%20California%29&amp;t=h">Mountain View, California</a></p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Education" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education">Education</a></strong> <a class="zem_slink" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=42.35982,-71.09211&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=42.35982,-71.09211%20%28Massachusetts%20Institute%20of%20Technology%29&amp;t=h">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a class="zem_slink" title="Harvard Business School" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=42.36722,-71.12253&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=42.36722,-71.12253%20%28Harvard%20Business%20School%29&amp;t=h">Harvard Business School</a><br /> Occupation 	Educator</p>
<p><strong>Website:</strong> khanacademy.org</p>
<p><strong>Salman Khan</strong> (Bengali: সলমান খান, born 1977) is an American educator and founder of <a class="zem_slink" title="Khan Academy" rel="homepage" href="http://www.khanacademy.org/">the Khan Academy</a>, a free online education platform and not-for-profit organization. He has produced over 2200 popular videos elucidating a wide spectrum of concepts, mainly focusing on mathematics and the sciences, in his home. His official channel, &#8216;Khan Academy&#8217; has, as of March 2011, attracted more than 45 million views.</p>
<p><strong>TED.COM</strong> video:<strong> Traduction Francaise de la vidéo (plus bas)<br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>About Salman Khan</strong></p>
<p>In 2004, Salman Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began posting math  tutorials on YouTube. Six years later, he has posted more than 2.000  tutorials, which are viewed nearly 100,000 times around the world…</p>
<h3>About this talk</h3>
<p id="tagline">Salman  Khan talks about how and why he created the remarkable Khan Academy, a  carefully structured series of educational videos offering complete  curricula in math and, now, other subjects. He shows the power of  interactive exercises, and calls for teachers to consider flipping the  traditional classroom script &#8212; give students video lectures to watch at  home, and do &#8220;homework&#8221; in the classroom with the teacher available to  help.</p>
<p><strong>Note: French Translation &#8211; Traduction Francaise de la vidéo </strong></p>
<p id="tagline">Salman  Khan parle du pourquoi et du comment de la création de la remarquable  Khan Academy, une collection soigneusement structurée de vidéos  éducatives qui offrent un programme complet en mathématiques, et,  maintenant, dans d&#8217;autres domaines. Il démontre le pouvoir des exercices  interactifs, et appelle les enseignants à réviser le contenu d&#8217;une  classe traditionnelle &#8212; en donnant aux étudiants des conférences vidéos  à regarder à la maison, et en faisant les &#8220;devoirs&#8221; dans la salle de  classe avec l&#8217;enseignant disponible pour apporter de l&#8217;aide.</p>
<p>Translated into French (France) by <strong><a id="translatorLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/674444" target="_blank">Hugo Wagner</a> </strong><br /> <strong>Reviewed</strong> by <strong><a id="reviewerLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/41684" target="_blank">Joel Bomane</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>Note: </strong>Cliquez sur<strong> “View Subtitles” </strong>et faire le choix “<strong>French”…</strong>afin d’accéder à la <strong>Traduction française.</strong></p>
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<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<p><strong>Salman Khan</strong> was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana by two immigrant parents from Barisal, Bangladesh and <a class="zem_slink" title="Kolkata (Calcutta)" rel="lonelyplanet" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kolkata-calcutta">Calcutta, India</a>. Khan was valedictorian of his high school class and attained a perfect score in the math portion of his SATs. Khan holds three degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: a BS in mathematics, a BS in electrical engineering and computer science, and an MS in electrical engineering and computer science. He also holds an MBA from Harvard Business School.</p>
<p>Khan Academy</p>
<p>In late 2004, Khan began tutoring his cousin, Nadia, in mathematics over the internet using Yahoo!&#8217;s Doodle notepad. When other relatives and friends sought his tutelage, he decided it would be more practical and beneficial to distribute the tutorials on YouTube where he created an account on 16 November 2006. Their popularity on the video sharing website and the testimonials of appreciative students prompted Khan to quit his job as a hedge fund analyst in late 2009 to focus on developing his <a class="zem_slink" title="YouTube" rel="homepage" href="http://www.youtube.com/">YouTube channel</a>, &#8216;Khan Academy&#8217;, full-time.</p>
<p>His videos proved popular, attracting on average more than 20,000 hits each. Students from around the world have been attracted to Khan&#8217;s concise, practical, and relaxed teaching method.</p>
<p>Khan outlined his mission as to &#8216;accelerate learning for students of all ages. With this in mind, we want to share our content with whoever may find it useful.&#8217; Khan also plans to extend his &#8216;free school&#8217; to cover topics such as English and history. Programs are being undertaken to use Khan&#8217;s videos to teach those in isolated areas of Africa and Asia. He delineated his motives:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>With so little effort on my own part, I can empower an unlimited amount of people for all time. I can&#8217;t imagine a better use of my time.</p>
<p><strong>Bill Gates on Salman Khan and Khan Academy</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/TED/Speakers-Topics/Sal-Khan">http://www.thegatesnotes.com/TED/Speakers-Topics/Sal-Khan</a></p>
<p>Thanks to Wikipedia.com, Ted.com,  <a class="zem_slink" title="The Gates Notes" rel="homepage" href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/">The Gates Notes</a></p>
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		<title>Detoxify or Die&#8230;by Gabriela Segura, M.D.</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/detoxify-or-die-by-gabriela-segura-m-d/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/detoxify-or-die-by-gabriela-segura-m-d/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2011 11:37:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Health]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Natural Radiation Protection Therapies for Coping With the Fallout of the Fukushima Nuclear Meltdown
NOTE: pour la FRANCE, cf.
http://www.criirad.org/
http://www.corinnelepage.fr/index.php/2011/03/22/nucleaire-et-desinformation
 

Fri, 18 Mar 2011 06:45 CDT

Gabriela Segura, M.D. Sott.net
Original content © 2002-2011 by SOTT.net/Signs of the Times.

Foot-dragging in recognizing obvious problems and the resultant  delays in preventing exposure and mitigating the effects lies at the  door [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/226021-Detoxify-or-Die-Natural-Radiation-Protection-Therapies-for-Coping-With-the-Fallout-of-the-Fukushima-Nuclear-Meltdown">Natural Radiation Protection Therapies for Coping With the Fallout of the Fukushima Nuclear Meltdown</a></h2>
<h2>NOTE: pour la FRANCE, cf.</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.criirad.org/">http://www.criirad.org/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.corinnelepage.fr/index.php/2011/03/22/nucleaire-et-desinformation">http://www.corinnelepage.fr/index.php/2011/03/22/nucleaire-et-desinformation</a></p>
<p> </p>
<div>
<div>Fri, 18 Mar 2011 06:45 CDT</div>
</div>
<div><strong>Gabriela Segura, M.D.</strong><br /> <strong>Sott.net</strong></div>
<div><strong>Original</strong> <strong>content © 2002-2011 by SOTT.net</strong>/<strong>Signs of the Times</strong>.</div>
<div>
<blockquote><em>Foot-dragging in recognizing obvious problems and the resultant  delays in preventing exposure and mitigating the effects lies at the  door of nuclear power advocates more interested in preserving the status  quo than in helping millions of innocent people who are suffering  through no fault of their own</em>. &#8211; Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, <em>Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and <a class="zem_slink" title="Natural environment" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment">the Environment</a></em>.
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<div><a title="© AP/NTV" rel="ibox&amp;ignore_target=true" href="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61333/full/Fukushima_Dai_ichi_420x0.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="Click to enlarge" src="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61333/medium/Fukushima_Dai_ichi_420x0.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a>
<div>© AP/NTV<br />Smoke ascends from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant&#8217;s Unit 3 on Monday 14 after a second hydrogen explosion.</div>
</div>
<p>We  have had conflicting reports from mainstream news sources regarding the  nuclear emergency in Fukushima, Japan. Some say that it is not nearly  as bad as the <a class="zem_slink" title="Chernobyl disaster" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.3894444444,30.0988888889&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=51.3894444444,30.0988888889%20%28Chernobyl%20disaster%29&amp;t=h">Chernobyl catastrophe</a>, others say that it will be much  worse than Chernobyl. What are we to make of this? Who can we trust?</p>
<p>With the current state of affairs, I think it is reasonable enough to  expect and prepare for the worst, hope for the best and take what comes.  It is with this state of mind that I set out to review the available  literature about accessible and alternative therapies in case of nuclear  disasters as well as data about the Chernobyl catastrophe. What I found  was shocking enough but know that there is also well-documented  essential knowledge that can protect you and your loved ones.</p>
<p>This article includes an overview of the publication <em>Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment</em> which appeared in <em>Annals of the New York Academy</em> (2009). The authors &#8211; Alexey V. Nesterenko (Institute of Radiation  Safety (BELRAD), Belarus) and Alexey V. Yablokov (<a class="zem_slink" title="Russian Academy of Sciences" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=55.7107944444,37.5778138889&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=55.7107944444,37.5778138889%20%28Russian%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%29&amp;t=h">Russian Academy of  Sciences</a>) along with Vassily B. Nesterenko  &#8211;  synthesized information  from several thousand cited scientific papers and other materials,  including successful and widely available natural therapies that worked.  There are also other numerous studies about alternative effective  treatments in case of radiation. It will give you a clear idea of what  to expect and what you can do in case of a nuclear disaster in Japan.</p>
<p>This is a matter that concerns all of us as no country in the world is  capable of providing complete protection from radiation for those living  in affected areas and from eating locally grown foods that are  contaminated with radiation.</p>
<p>A Lesson from History or What to Expect: The Chernobyl Catastrophe</p>
<p>We have to look only as far back to Chernobyl to understand why we are  having so many conflicting reports and little information about what is  happening in Japan.</p>
<p>In the last days of spring and the beginning of summer of 1986,  radioactivity was released from the <a class="zem_slink" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.3895527778,30.0991472222&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=51.3895527778,30.0991472222%20%28Chernobyl%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant%29&amp;t=h">Chernobyl power plant</a> and fell upon  hundreds of millions of people. The resulting levels of radionuclides  were <strong>hundreds of times higher than that from the Hiroshima atomic bomb.</strong></p>
<p>The normal lives of tens of millions were destroyed. Today, more than 6  million people live on land with dangerous levels of contamination. More  than 20 years after the catastrophe, due to the natural migration of  radionuclides, the dangerous consequences in these areas have not  decreased, but have actually increased and will continue to do so for  many years to come.</p>
<p><strong>Authorities typically provided the least possible financial  means for detoxification therapies and disaster control while they  denied the facts and documented data concerning dangerous levels of  radiation among the population, in foods and the environment.</strong></p>
<p>Sound familiar? This attitude has been the norm rather than the exception.</p>
<p>As a result of the catastrophe, <strong>40% of Europe was contaminated with dangerous radioactivity</strong>.  Asia and North America were also exposed to significant amounts of  radioactive fallout. According to Yablokov et al., the claim by the  <a class="zem_slink" title="International Atomic Energy Agency" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.2338888889,16.4161111111&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=48.2338888889,16.4161111111%20%28International%20Atomic%20Energy%20Agency%29&amp;t=h">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</a>, the <a class="zem_slink" title="United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation">United Nations Scientific  Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation</a> (UNSCEAR), and several  other groups that the Chernobyl radioactive fallout added &#8220;only&#8221; 2% to  the natural radioactive background ignores several facts:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;First, many territories continue to have dangerously high levels of  radiation. Second, high levels of radiation were spread far and wide in  the first weeks after the catastrophe. Third, there will be decades of  chronic, low-level contamination after the catastrophe. Fourth, every  increase in <a class="zem_slink" title="Radioactive decay" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay">nuclear radiation</a> has an effect on both somatic [body] and  reproductive cells of all living things.&#8221;</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p>Another important lesson from the Chernobyl experience is that experts  and organizations tied to the nuclear industry have dismissed and  ignored the consequences of the catastrophe. It was only after 8 or 9  years from the catastrophe that the medical authorities began to finally  admit the universal increase in cataracts among the population. The  same occurred with thyroid cancer, leukemia and organic central nervous  system disorders.</p>
<p>In addition to that, it is known that the percentage of food products  with radioactive contamination in excess of official permissible levels  did not decrease for 14 years after the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe. On  the contrary, this percentage began to increase in 1996. In spite of  official secrecy, the full picture of Chernobyl food contamination in  countries as far away as the <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">United States</a> has finally begun to emerge:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Many people suffer from continuing chronic low-dose radiation 23 years  after the catastrophe, owing primarily to consumption of <a class="zem_slink" title="Radioactive contamination" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination">radioactively  contaminated</a> food. An important consideration is the fact that given an  identical diet, a child&#8217;s radiation exposure is three- to fivefold  higher than that of an adult. Since more than 90% of the radiation  burden nowadays is due to Caesium-137, which has a half-life of about 30  years, contaminated areas will continue to be dangerously radioactive  for roughly the next three centuries.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>&#8220;When children have the same menu as adults, they get up to five times  higher dose burdens from locally produced foodstuffs because of their  lower weight and more active processes of metabolism. Children living in  rural villages have a dose burden five to six times higher than city  children of the same age.</p>
<p>&#8220;Daily exposure to small amounts of radionuclides (mostly Cs-137) is  virtually unavoidable as they get into the body with food (up to 94%),  with drinking water (up to 5%), and through the air (about 1%).  Accumulation of radionuclides in the body is dangerous, primarily for  children, and for those living in the contaminated territories where  there are high levels of Cs-137 in local foodstuffs. The incorporation  of radionuclides is now the primary cause of the deterioration of public  health in the contaminated territories.</p>
<p>&#8220;Experience has shown that existing official radioactive monitoring  systems are inadequate (not only in the countries of the Former Soviet  Union). Generally, the systems cover territories selectively, do not  measure each person, and often conceal important facts when releasing  information. The common factor among all governments is to minimize  spending for which they are not directly responsible, such as the  Chernobyl meltdown, which occurred 23 years ago. Thus officials are not  eager to obtain objective data of radioactive contamination of  communities, individuals, or food.</p>
<p>&#8220;We have to take responsibility not only for our own health, but for the  health of future generations of humans, plants, and animals, which can  be harmed by mutations resulting from exposure to even the smallest  amount of radioactive contamination. [Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V.  B. and Yablokov]</p>
</blockquote>
<div><a rel="ibox&amp;ignore_target=true" href="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61332/full/z_chernobyl_meltdown.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="Click to enlarge" src="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61332/medium/z_chernobyl_meltdown.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a>
<div>Chernobyl Disaster</div>
</div>
<p>All  people living in territories heavily contaminated by Chernobyl fallout  continue to be exposed to low doses of chronic radiation. Without  special equipment to identify levels of environmental contamination, it  is impossible to know what radionuclide levels are in our food and water  or have been incorporated into our bodies.</p>
<p>The radioactive elements Caesium-137 (Cs-137),  Strontium-90 (Sr-90),  Plutonium (Pu), and Americium (Am) released in Chernobyl concentrate in  the roots of plants and it is now known that they will continue to be  mobilized for decades, even up to several hundreds of years into the  future. Agricultural products have contained &#8211; and will continue to  contain &#8211; radioactivity in all of the Northern Hemisphere countries  contaminated by Chernobyl.</p>
<p>The level of radionuclide incorporation in our bodies varies according  to each organ. In Chernobyl the most affected organs (from autopsies)  were the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, the thymus,  the skeletal muscle, the spleen, the heart and the liver (in decreasing  order).</p>
<p><strong>The thyroid gland is the most affected since radioactive iodine  (Iodine-131) binds to it, making supplemental non-radioactive iodine a  key therapy in the case of nuclear radiation.</strong> The natural  iodine will bind to the thyroid, blocking the radioactive iodine from  binding to it. The affliction of the adrenals is worthy of attention,  since <strong>there were many &#8220;new&#8221; diseases that emerged after the Chernobyl disaster whose symptoms resemble those of <a href="http://www.adrenalfatigue.org/" target="_blank">adrenal fatigue</a></strong>.</p>
<p>The total Chernobyl death toll for the period from 1987 to 2004 has  reached nearly 417,000 in other parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and  nearly 170,000 in North America, accounting for <strong>nearly 824,000 deaths worldwide</strong>. This number of Chernobyl victims will continue to increase for several generations.</p>
<p>A Note on Radiation</p>
<p>Radiation poisoning damages organ tissues by excessive exposure to  ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation consists of particles or  electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach electrons from  atoms or molecules, thus ionizing them. Direct ionization from the  effects of single particles or single photons produces free radicals,  which are atoms or molecules containing unpaired electrons, and which  tend to be especially chemically reactive due to their electronic  structure.</p>
<p>This means that they become chemically unstable and highly reactive ions  as free radicals are formed. These unstable metabolic by-products  strive to stabilize by &#8217;stealing&#8217; a replacement electron from any  neighboring molecule, leaving even more damaged molecules in their wake.  <strong>This is how free radicals in our bodies are produced and cause inflammation</strong>,  a process that is best known as oxidative stress, oxidative damage or  lipid peroxidation. Oxidation can even cause debilitating changes to  your DNA. <strong>This is why anti-oxidants are so important</strong>.  Antioxidants help to counteract or neutralize the free radicals before  they can damage our healthy cells by lending a hand (actually, an  electron) when stabilization is needed. This is the reason why we are  fond of so many antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, carotenoids,  resveratrol, taurine, coenzyme Q10 and melatonin, to name but a few.</p>
<p>Medical Syndromes</p>
<p>Nuclear or ionizing radiation that penetrates the body can affect your  body in a number of different ways, and the adverse health effects of  extreme radiation exposure may not be apparent for many years.</p>
<p>Among the specific health disorders associated with Chernobyl radiation  there was increased morbidity and prevalence of the following groups of  diseases:</p>
<blockquote><ul>
<li>Circulatory system (owing primarily to radioactive destruction of the endothelium, the internal lining of the blood vessels).</li>
<p> </p>
<li>Endocrine system (especially nonmalignant thyroid problems).</li>
<li>Immune system (&#8220;Chernobyl AIDS,&#8221; increased incidence and seriousness of all illnesses).</li>
<li>Respiratory system.</li>
<li>Urogenital tract and reproductive disorders.</li>
<li>Musculoskeletal system (including pathologic changes in the structure and composition of bones: osteopenia and osteoporosis).</li>
<li>Central nervous system (changes in frontal, temporal, and  occipitoparietal lobes of the brain, leading to diminished intelligence  and behavioral and mental disorders).</li>
<li>Eyes (cataracts, vitreous destruction, refraction anomalies, and conjunctive disorders).</li>
<li>Digestive tract.</li>
<li>Congenital malformations and anomalies (including previously rare multiple defects of limbs and head).</li>
<li>Thyroid cancer (All forecasts concerning this cancer have been  erroneous; Chernobyl-related thyroid cancers have rapid onset and  aggressive development, striking both children and adults. After surgery  the person becomes dependent on replacement hormone medication for  life.)</li>
<li>Leukemia (blood cancers) not only in children and liquidators, but in the general adult population of contaminated territories.</li>
<li>Other malignant neoplasms.</li>
</ul>
<p>[Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment.]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Other health consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe include:</p>
<blockquote><ul>
<li>Changes in the body&#8217;s biological balance, leading to increased  numbers of serious illnesses owing to intestinal toxicoses, bacterial  infections, and sepsis.</li>
<p> </p>
<li>Intensified infectious and parasitic diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis and respiratory viruses). </li>
<li>Increased incidence of health disorders in children born to  radiated parents (both to liquidators and to individuals who left the  contaminated territories), especially those radiated <em>in utero</em>. These disorders, involving practically all the body&#8217;s organs and systems, also include genetic changes.</li>
<li>Catastrophic state of health of liquidators (especially liquidators who worked in 1986 &#8211; 1987).</li>
<li>Premature aging in both adults and children.</li>
<li>Increased incidence of multiple somatic and genetic mutations.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>Chernobyl actually &#8220;enriched&#8221; the medical vocabulary with such terms as &#8220;cancer rejuvenescence,&#8221; as well as three new syndromes:</p>
<blockquote><ul>
<li>&#8220;Vegetovascular dystonia&#8221; &#8211;  dysfunctional regulation of the nervous system involving cardiovascular  and other organs (also called autonomic nervous system dysfunction),  with clinical signs that present against a background of stress.</li>
<p> </p>
<li>&#8220;Incorporated long-life radionuclides&#8221;  &#8211; functional and structural disorders of the cardiovascular, nervous,  endocrine, reproductive, and other systems owing to absorbed  radionuclides.</li>
<li>&#8220;Acute inhalation lesions of the upper respiratory tract&#8221;  &#8211; a combination of a rhinitis, throat tickling, dry cough, difficulty  breathing, and shortness of breath owing to the effect of inhaled  radionuclides, including &#8220;hot particles.&#8221;</li>
</ul>
<p>[Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, <em>Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment</em>.]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Several other new syndromes, reflecting increased incidence of some illnesses, appeared after Chernobyl. Among them:</p>
<blockquote><ul>
<li>&#8220;Chronic fatigue syndrome&#8221; &#8211; excessive  and unrelieved fatigue, fatigue without obvious cause, periodic  depression, memory loss, diffuse muscular and joint pains, chills and  fever, frequent mood changes, cervical lymph node sensitivity, weight  loss; it is also often associated with immune system dysfunction and CNS  disorders.</li>
<p> </p>
<li>&#8220;Lingering radiating illness syndrome&#8221; &#8211; a combination of excessive fatigue, dizziness, trembling, and back pain.</li>
<li>&#8220;Early aging syndrome&#8221; &#8211; a divergence between physical and chronological age with illnesses characteristic of the elderly occurring at an early age.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>Specific Chernobyl syndromes such as &#8220;radiation <em>in utero</em>&#8220;, &#8220;Chernobyl AIDS&#8221;, &#8220;Chernobyl heart&#8221;, &#8220;Chernobyl limbs,&#8221; and others await more detailed and definitive medical descriptions.</p>
<p>But deterioration of public health (especially of children) in the  Chernobyl-contaminated territories 23 years after the catastrophe is not  due to psychological stress or radiophobia, or from resettlement&#8230; <strong>it is mostly and primarily due to Chernobyl irradiation</strong>. Other than the first powerful shock in 1986 there is the continual chronic low-dose and low-dose-rate radionuclide exposure.</p>
<p>Psychological factors (&#8220;radiation phobia&#8221;) simply have no bearing on the  pathologies described because morbidity continued to increase for some  years after the catastrophe, whereas radiation concerns have decreased.</p>
<p>Infections on the Rise</p>
<blockquote><p>There is evidence of increased incidence and severity of diseases  characterized by intestinal toxicoses, gastroenteritis, bacterial  sepsis, viral hepatitis, and respiratory viruses in areas contaminated  by Chernobyl radionuclides (Batyan and Kozharskaya, 1993; Kapytonova and  Kryvitskaya, 1994; Nesterenko et al., 1993; Busuet at al., 2002; and  others). Genetic instability markedly increased in the contaminated  territories and has resulted in increased sensitivity to viral and other  types of infections (Vorobtsova et al., 1995).</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<div><a title="© Unknown" rel="ibox&amp;ignore_target=true" href="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61355/full/6451_774321.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="Click to enlarge" src="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61355/medium/6451_774321.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a>
<div>© Unknown<br />Chernobyl children</div>
</div>
<p>Whether  activation and dispersion of dangerous infections is due to mutational  changes in the microorganisms (which render them more pathogenic),  impaired immunological defenses in the populations, or a combination of  both, has not yet been fully answered.</p>
<blockquote><p>One gram of soil contains some 2,500,000,000 microorganisms (bacteria,  microfungi, and protozoa). Up to 3 kg of the mass of an adult human body  is made up of bacteria, viruses, and microfungi. In spite of the fact  that these represent such important and fundamentally live ecosystems,  there are only scarce data on the various microbiological consequences  of the Chernobyl catastrophe. &#8211; Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and  Yablokov</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p>There was activation of retroviruses (Kavsan et al., 1992). Tuberculosis  became more virulent in the more contaminated areas of Belarus  (Chernetsky and Osynovsky, 1993; Belookaya, 1993; Borschevsky et al.,  1996). From 1993 to 1997 the hepatitis viruses B, C, D, and G became  noticeably activated in the heavily contaminated areas of Belarus  (Zhavoronok et al., 1998a,b). Herpes viruses were activated in the  heavily contaminated territories of Belarus 6 to 7 years after the  catastrophe (Matveev, 1993; Matveev et al., 1995; Voropaev et al.,  1996). Among soil bacteria that most actively accumulate Cs-137 are  Agrobacterium sp., Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. Sharp reduction  in the abundance of healthy gut bacteria (bifidus bacteria) and the  prevalence of microbes of the class Escherichia; in particular, a sharp  increase in E. coli has been noted in the intestines of evacuee children  living in Ukraine.</p>
<blockquote><p>All microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) and  microbiological communities as a whole undergo rapid changes after any  additional irradiation. The mechanism of such changes is well known:  inclusion and increase in the frequency of mutations by natural  selection and preservation of beneficial novel genes that for whatever  reason appear more viable under the new conditions. This  microevolutionary mechanism has been activated in all radioactively  contaminated areas and leads to activation of old and the occurrence of  new forms of viruses and bacteria. All but a few microorganisms that  have been studied in Chernobyl-affected territories underwent rapid  changes in heavily contaminated areas.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Our contemporary knowledge is too limited to understand even the main  consequences of the inevitable radioactive-induced genetic changes among  the myriad of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi that inhabit the  intestines, lungs, blood, organs, and cells of human beings. The strong  association between carcinogenesis and viruses (papilloma virus,  hepatitis virus, Helicobacter pylori, Epstein &#8211; Barr virus, Kaposi&#8217;s  sarcoma, and herpes virus) provides another reason why the cancer rate  increased in areas contaminated by Chernobyl irradiation (for a review,  see Sreelekha et al., 2003).</p>
<p>Not only cancer, but also many other illnesses are connected with  viruses and bacteria. Radiologically induced pathologic changes in the  microflora in humans can increase susceptibility to infections,  inflammatory diseases of bacterial and viral origin (influenza, chronic  intestinal diseases, pyelonephritis, cystitis, vaginitis, endocolitis,  asthma, dermatitis, and ischemia), and various pathologies of pregnancy.</p>
<p>The long-term consequences for microbial biota may be worse than what we understand today.</p>
<p>- Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov</p>
</blockquote>
<p>A Note on Environmental Consequences</p>
<p>All the initial forecasts of rapid clearance or decay of the Chernobyl  radionuclides from ecosystems were wrong, it is now known that they are  taking much longer than predicted because they recirculate. The overall  state of the contamination in water, air, and soil appears to fluctuate  greatly and the dynamics of Sr-90, Cs-137, Pu, and Am contamination  still present surprises to Chernobyl scientists.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;As a result of the accumulation of Cs-137, Sr-90, Pu, and Am in the  root soil layer, radionuclides have continued to build in plants over  recent years. Moving with water to the above-ground parts of plants, the  radionuclides (which earlier had disappeared from the surface)  concentrate in the edible components, resulting in increased levels of  internal irradiation and dose rate in people, despite decreasing total  amounts of radionuclides from natural disintegration over time.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>&#8220;In 1986 the levels of irradiation in plants and animals in  Western Europe, North America, the Arctic, and eastern Asia were  sometimes hundreds and even thousands of times above acceptable norms.</strong> The initial pulse of high-level irradiation followed by exposure to  chronic low-level radionuclides has resulted in morphological,  physiological, and genetic disorders in all the living organisms in  contaminated areas that have been studied &#8211; plants, mammals, birds,  amphibians, fish, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses.</p>
<p>&#8220;What happened to voles and frogs in the Chernobyl zone shows what can  happen to humans in coming generations: increasing mutation rates,  increasing morbidity and mortality, reduced life expectancy, decreased  intensity of reproduction, and changes in male/female sex ratios.</p>
<p>[Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, <em>Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment</em>.]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Proven Effective Detox Protocols</p>
<p>The therapies described here are widely available as over-the-counter supplements in most countries.</p>
<p>Green stuff and other sea food</p>
<p>In Chernobyl, 5 grams of <strong>spirulina</strong> for 45 days was used successfully against radiation poisoning. <strong>Chlorella</strong> algae also has shown radio-protective effects. A <a href="http://meditationexpert.com/RadiationDetoxDraft.pdf" target="_blank">study</a> showed that spirulina reduced urine radioactivity levels by 50% after  only 20 days and so the Institute of Radiation Safety in Belarus  developed a special program to treat 100 children every 20 days with  spirulina.  Furthermore, the healing occurred during the continuous  presence of radiation as well as the presence of radiation contaminated  food and water sources. In particular, spirulina given to children with  accumulated high doses of radionuclides reduced radioactive cesium. No  side effects were registered. <strong>Only buy spirulina or chlorella from a certified heavy-metal free source.</strong></p>
<p>Studies on sea vegetables with <strong>sodium alginate</strong> have  shown that they selectively bound with radioactive strontium and  eliminated it from the body. Sodium alginate is found in many <strong>seaweeds</strong>, especially <strong>kelp</strong>.  Sodium alginate binds tightly to such substances as strontium, calcium,  barium, cadmium and radium.  Some seaweeds are contaminated with lead  or arsenic so you only want to consume seaweed that is deep ocean  harvested or has been tested to be free of metal toxicity (such as kelp  from the west coast of South Africa).</p>
<p><strong>Black and green tea</strong> have shown radioprotective effects  when taken either before or after exposure to radiation. This  anti-radiation effect was observed in several Japanese studies, and  studies from China also suggest that the ingredients in tea are  radioactive antagonists. Tea catechins are associated with antioxidant  properties and can have radio-protective effects when taken both before  and after irradiation.</p>
<p>Kelp also has organic iodine which will saturate the thyroid so  radioactive iodine will not be absorbed. You can take 1 or 2 tsp or 5 to  10 tablets.</p>
<p>Pectin</p>
<p><strong>Pectin</strong> is one of the most effective means of protecting  against radiation when consumption of contaminated food becomes  unavoidable. Pectin preparations, along with vitamins and minerals, have  demonstrated a high efficiency in eliminating incorporated  radionuclides. The recommended dose is 5 grams once or twice a day for  one month, 4 times a year.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;In 1999 BELRAD together with &#8220;Hermes&#8221; Hmbh (Munich, Germany) developed a  composition of apple pectin additives known as Vitapect® powder, made  up of pectin (concentration 18 &#8211; 20%) supplemented with vitamins B1, B2,  B6, B12, C, E, beta-carotene, folic acid; the trace elements K, Zn, Fe,  and Ca; and flavoring. BELRAD has been producing this food additive,  which has been approved by the Belarussian Ministry of Health, since  2000.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>&#8220;The pectin additive Vitapect with clean nutrition appears to be 50%  more effective in decreasing the levels of Cs-137 than clean nutrition  alone (Nesterenko et al., 2004).</p>
<p>&#8220;A clinical study of 94 children, 7 to 17 years of age, divided into two  groups according to their initial level of Cs-137 contamination  determined by whole body counting (WBC) and given Vitapect orally for 16  days (5 g twice a day) revealed both a significant decrease in  incorporated Cs-137 and marked improvement in their electrocardiograms.</p>
<p>&#8220;From 1996 to 2007 a total of more than 160,000 Belarussian children  received pectin food additives during 18 to 25 days of treatment (5g  twice a day). As a result, levels of Cs-137 in children&#8217;s organs  decreased after each course of pectin additives by an average of 30 to  40%.</p>
<p>&#8220;Based on long-term experience, the BELRAD Institute recommends that all  children living in radioactive contaminated territories receive a  quadruple course of oral pectin food additives annually along with their  conventional food ration. Eleven years of BELRAD&#8217;s activities in  controlling levels of incorporated Cs-137 in more than 327,000 children  has not caused alarm in the population or radiophobia and has led to the  spread of knowledge concerning radiation protection and an increased  sense of personal responsibility for one&#8217;s health.&#8221;</p>
<p>[Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, <em>Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment</em>.]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Antioxidants and Sulfur Compounds</p>
<div><a rel="ibox&amp;ignore_target=true" href="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61027/full/dmsop.png" target="_blank"><img title="Click to enlarge" src="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s3/61027/medium/dmsop.png" border="0" alt="" /></a>
<div>DMSO is available in various formats.</div>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896744" target="_blank">Sulfur</a> has a long history of use as an antidote for acute exposure to  radioactive material. Antioxidants have the capacity to reduce toxic  effects of radiation in our bodies. Early research identified  sulfur-containing antioxidants as among those with the most beneficial  therapeutic effects.</p>
<p><strong>Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</strong> is the classical sulfur  compound and a powerful anti-oxidant, exactly what we need for  detoxification and protection from radiation. A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116101" target="_blank">Japanese study</a> showed that even low concentrations of DMSO had radio-protective  effects through the facilitation of DNA double-strand break repair,  providing protection against radiation damage at all cellular levels in  the whole body. <strong>The information and experience on DMSO is so fascinating that it can be described only as miraculous.</strong> Due to its importance, we have dedicated an entire article to it. See <a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/225895-DMSO-The-Antidote-for-Radiation-Poisoning" target="_blank">DMSO: The Antidote for Radiation Poisoning</a>.</p>
<p>The use of anti-oxidants such as alpha lipoic acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin C  (ascorbic acid), vitamin B, selenium, N-acetylcysteine and other sulfur  compounds becomes crucial. It is important to use several of them, as  they work best as a team. In addition to that, individual anti-oxidants  can act as pro-oxidants when they themselves are oxidized, therefore  individual anti-oxidants could enhance the progression of  post-irradiation damage to tissues and organs. Several studies have  shown the importance of anti-oxidant supplementation to be an effective  therapy against radiation hazards.</p>
<p><strong>Alpha Lipoic Acid</strong> (ALA) is a crucial supplement. It is  water and fat soluble and it is also capable of crossing the blood-brain  barrier. This means that it is capable of reaching and preventing  damage in our fatty tissues, our brains, and every single organ for that  matter. ALA also repairs DNA. It is a good heavy metal chelator, it  protects the heart and brain from cell death, stimulates the  regeneration of liver tissue and is rapidly absorbed high up into the  digestive tract. ALA recycles other antioxidants such as vitamin C,  vitamin E, and glutathione which is an indispensable antioxidant for  detoxification and is synthesized within the mitochondrion. Glutathione  may not reliably be augmented by oral supplementation because it cannot  always pass over the mitochondrial membrane, therefore it must be  synthesized within the mitochondrion. ALA and its metabolite DHLA  provoke the cell to produce significantly higher levels of glutathione  (even by 70%). So if the glutathione levels in a cell are kept up to a  satisfactory level by ALA, even if the cell is poisoned, the cell will  have a better chance of recovering instead of dying. It is of critical  importance in order to reduce or reverse radiation-induced oxidative  damage after radiotherapy. The recommended dose of ALA is 100mg twice a  day with meals, although others have used higher doses of between 300mg  and 600mg. <a href="http://www.wellnessresources.com/health/articles/iodine_tocotrienols_berries_and_lipoic_acid_to_protect_against_radiation_ex/" target="_blank">A study</a> conducted on some of those who worked on the Chernobyl clean-up  operation 10 years after the accident showed that 600 mg of lipoic acid  for two months was able to normalize many, but not all, of their lab  abnormalities.</p>
<p>The anti-oxidant <strong>N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)</strong>, as a source  of glutathione and sulfur, is an excellent supplement to take. Studies  have suggested that it might prove efficient in saving individuals  exposed to lethal and sub-lethal radiation doses with few or no side  effects on individuals exposed to lower doses. It is also widely  available. Around 500mg twice a day is a good dose, although some have  used with great success around 5 grams of NAC (per day, in a hospital  setting) in 7 day cycles in order to detoxify heavy metals.</p>
<p>Other important supplements include <strong>magnesium</strong> and <strong>vitamin C</strong>. For more information on the many forms of magnesium and dose recommendation, see <a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/220946-Magnesium-The-Spark-of-Life" target="_blank">here</a>.  Calcium and magnesium both help your body to pass off Strontium 90, but  make sure to take enough magnesium in order to properly metabolize the  levels of calcium.</p>
<p>For vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 1-4 grams as a daily maintenance is a  good dose, but during detox or acute exposure, more will probably be  required. Vitamin C cannot only protect against radiation but also  repair damage from previous exposure. It will also be very handy in case  of infections. You can try taking 4 grams of vitamin C 3 times per day.  If you have diarrhea or abdominal bloating, cut out one dose. If there  are no signs of intestinal &#8220;gurgles&#8221;, you can increase your dose  throughout the day.</p>
<p>Consider taking also a good <strong>B complex</strong> which help to  normalize the red and white blood cell count, since the destruction of  white blood cells by radiation can last for extended periods of time.</p>
<p><strong>Vitamin E</strong> 800-1000 IU per day and <strong>selenium</strong> 200 mcg per day are also important since radiation studies support  evidence for the synergistic effects of vitamin E and Selenium in  protecting from oxidative damage.</p>
<p>Zinc has been successfully used to chelate americium-241 from a nuclear  accident victim. Natural zinc will also help the body eliminate several  toxic heavy metals including cadmium, aluminum and lead. The recommended  dose is 50 mg per day. You might want to supplement yourself with a  good mineral complex in order to avoid deficiencies or imbalances  brought on by increasing your zinc intake.</p>
<p>If there is a deficiency in <strong>potassium</strong> , radionuclides  like cesium-137, cesium-134, potassium-40 and potassium-42, are absorbed  through selective uptake. Too much potassium supplementation can be  dangerous, so make sure to follow label instructions.</p>
<p><strong>Melatonin</strong>, other than being our &#8220;sleeping hormone&#8221;,  also has powerful antioxidant properties. Animals subjected to  whole-body irradiation and given melatonin exhibited increased survival  and the protection against radiation-induced oxidative damage was  apparent throughout the body. More importantly, melatonin administered  orally results in higher circulating levels and more rapidly increasing  tissue concentrations. As soon as an exposure occurs, depending on the  wind direction after radiation explosion, people living at a distance  could protect themselves by oral administration of melatonin, which can  be ingested repeatedly as required.</p>
<p><strong>Curcumin</strong> is a naturally occurring compound contained in  the spice turmeric. Curcumin has been found to have antioxidant,  anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity in a variety of animal models  of human diseases including radiation-induced pulmonary diseases.</p>
<p>Breathing and meditation techniques</p>
<div><a rel="ibox&amp;ignore_target=true" href="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s2/43831/full/ee_web.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="Click to enlarge" src="http://www.sott.net/image/image/s2/43831/medium/ee_web.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a>
<div>The Éiriú Eolas Healing and Rejuvenation program is a key ingredient in detoxing</div>
</div>
<p>The proven and effective <a href="http://eiriu-eolas.org/" target="_blank">Éiriú Eolas</a> program includes well-known stress control techniques that <strong>stimulate the vagus nerve</strong>,  which then activates the parasympathetic system which is a powerful  anti-inflammatory system. It also includes well known emotional  releasing techniques. It can be applied to improve symptoms associated  with breathing difficulties, autoimmune diseases and mood problems. It  reduces oxidative stress with an improvement of the overall antioxidant  status, and thus it has application in numerous diseases including,  chronic radioactive exposure.</p>
<blockquote><p>There is no question but that social and economic factors are dire for  those sick from radiation. Sickness, deformed and impaired children,  death of family and friends, loss of home and treasured possessions,  loss of work, and dislocation are serious financial and mental stresses.  &#8211; Alexey V. Yablokov, Vassily B. Nesterenko, and Alexey V. Nesterenko.</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p>During the breathing exercises and the meditation portion of the  program, levels of the anti-stress hormones GABA, melatonin, and  serotonin are increased, and levels of the stress hormones cortisol and  norepinephrine are decreased. Learn more about the many benefits of this  program <a href="http://eiriu-eolas.org/" target="_blank">here</a>. The program is available for free at <a href="http://eiriu-eolas.org/about/" target="_blank">eebreathe.com</a>.</p>
<p>Diet</p>
<p>There are several simple cooking techniques that decrease radionuclides:  boil foods several times and discard the water, wash food thoroughly,  soak some foods and discard the water, avoid the peels of fruits and  vegetables, salt and pickle some foods but throw away the pickling  juice! Avoid eating strong broths, use butter, etc.</p>
<p>Remember that another way of boosting your body&#8217;s detox capabilities and  overall anti-oxidant levels is through the foods we eat which then  become key to survival in these stressful times. Being on a detox diet  is crucial to regaining health in a toxic environment. Our extensive  experience and research shows that <strong>those on a <a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/223261-Nourish-Your-Body" target="_blank">no grain/low carb</a> (<a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/214322-What-is-gluten-intolerance-" target="_blank">no gluten</a>) and <a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/225467-Why-Milk-Is-So-Evil" target="_blank">non dairy</a> diet fare MUCH better.</strong></p>
<p>Chronic ailments often involves an imbalanced immune/defense system in  which food sensitivities are involved even if they are not the cause of  the problem, leading in turn to chronic inflammation  &#8211;  which  translates into disease. This is why it is important to undergo an <a href="http://eiriu-eolas.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;t=14" target="_blank">elimination diet</a> in order to balance the body&#8217;s immune system. Some of our immune cells  take 6 months to regenerate, so it can take that much time in order to  see results if you are very sick. But often you can see positive results  in the first two weeks on an appropriate diet, even when you can&#8217;t  afford any other detox therapies. You can find the diet and how to  transition to it <a href="http://eiriu-eolas.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;t=14" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p>Everyone is different and it is only by testing foods that we can discern our individual problematic foods. Having said that, <strong>no  one should be eating cereals or dairy products or high processed foods  because the human system is simply not constructed to digest them  properly.</strong> What we eat is crucial in recovering our health and <strong>it is a great healing medicine when done correctly.</strong></p>
<p>Garlic and onions, being sulfur containing foods, help bind and  deactivate both the radioactive isotopes and toxic metals such as  cadmium, lead and mercury. The sulfur will help the kidneys and liver  detoxify the body.</p>
<p>The most direct way of decreasing radionuclide intake is to avoid foods  that are potentially heavily contaminated and to consume foodstuffs with  lower levels. However, this is not easy to do because the average level  of radionuclide bio-accumulation differs in each region owing to  differences in soils, agricultural techniques, etc.</p>
<p>The Chernobyl experience tells us that soaking in water, boiling,  salting and pickling foods such as vegetables can decrease the amount of  radionuclides in some foods several-fold. <strong>Milk always contains  high levels of radiation; processed products that reduce contamination  levels, such as butter and ghee butter, are safer.</strong></p>
<p>Radionuclide concentrations in the visceral organs of animals are  usually significantly higher than in muscle tissue. Among visceral  organs the order of decreasing levels of Cs-137 is: lung &gt; kidney  &gt; liver &gt; fat.</p>
<p>The Chernobyl experience showed that in contaminated territories the  same species of fish taken from rivers and streams have significantly  lower radionuclide levels than those from lakes and ponds. Plant feeding  fish had three to four times lower radionuclide levels than predatory  species (catfish, pike, etc.). Fishes at lower levels of the ocean  (crucian, tench, etc.) had several times more contamination than fish  which live in the top water layers (small fry, chub, etc.).</p>
<blockquote><p>It is very important to avoid radionuclides in food and if they are  consumed to try to eliminate them from the body as quickly as possible.  In a baby, the biological half-life of Cs-137 is 14 days; for a 5-year  old it is 21 days; for a 10-year old, 49 days; for teenagers, about 90  days; and for a young male, about 100 days (Nesterenko, 1997).</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p>From the Chernobyl experience, the order of decreasing levels of Cs-137  were: chicken &gt; beef &gt; lamb &gt; pork. Meats from older animals  have more radionuclides that meat from younger ones owing to  accumulation over time. Bones of young animals have more Sr-90. Eggs:  shell &gt; egg-white &gt; yolk.</p>
<p><strong>Pork and fats were not only the safest, they also prove to be a very healthy option for detox and healing purposes. </strong>For more information, see &#8216;<a href="http://www.sott.net/articles/show/223262-I-have-high-cholesterol-and-I-don-t-care" target="_blank">I have high cholesterol, and I don&#8217;t care</a>&#8216;.</p>
<p>The biological properties of Cs-137 are similar to those of stable  potassium and Rubidium, and Sr-90 and Pu are similar to calcium. These  properties determine where they concentrate in the body so the use of  stable elements may help to decrease the absorption of radionuclides.</p>
<p>Foods rich in potassium include potatoes, beets, raisins, dried  apricots, bananas, tea, nuts, lemons, and dried plums. Calcium rich  foods include butter and ghee butter, eggs, horseradish, green onions,  turnip, parsley, dill, and spinach. Green vegetables, apples, sunflower  seeds, black chokeberries are rich in iron; and Rubidium is found in red  grapes.</p>
<p>A diet to protect against radioactive contamination should include  uncontaminated fruits and vegetables, especially those rich in pectin  such as apples to promote the rapid elimination of radionuclides.</p>
<p>Sleeping in Total Darkness</p>
<p>Low melatonin production leaves you not only susceptible to radiation  damage, but it also leaves you vulnerable to accelerated aging,  depression, weight gain. People with lower levels of melatonin have  lower immune/defense function, less antioxidant activity and accelerated  cancer cell proliferation, and they also tend to have more unhealthy  imbalances in gut bacteria. <strong>But sleeping in total darkness is a natural way of enhancing the secretion of melatonin during the night. </strong>The  room where you sleep has to be completely dark to the point of not been  able to see anything. If lights seeps underneath your door, put a towel  along the base. Cover your electric clock radio with something. Even  the smallest light can decrease melatonin secretion, even if you&#8217;re not  able to see it with your own eyes.</p>
<p>Miscellaneous</p>
<p>Natural <strong>zeolites</strong> (i.e., those found in volcanogenic  sedimentary rocks) is a mineral which possesses attractive properties  that contribute directly to their use in the extraction of Cs and Sr  from nuclear wastes and the mitigation of radioactive fallout, but also  as a dietary supplement for heavy metal detoxification. It also has  anti-bacterial properties and it stimulates the immune system. It was  used during successfully during Chernobyl.</p>
<p><strong>Organic Germanium</strong> (Ge-132) protects cells exposed to  cesium-137 without affecting cellular growth or survival. 25 mg to 100  mg per day has been typically used. (My favorite colon cleanser has  organic germanium on it).</p>
<p><strong>Activated charcoal</strong> has the ability to absorb and  neutralize radioactive substances and some toxic materials. Researchers  report that 10 grams or 1 tablespoon of charcoal can absorb about 3 to 7  grams of materials.</p>
<p>There are excellent articles out there focusing on iodine, clays,  magnesium therapies and sodium bicarbonate. For more information, see:</p>
<p><a href="http://blog.imva.info/medicine/treatments-nuclear-contamination" target="_blank">Treatments for Nuclear Contamination</a></p>
<p><a href="http://blog.imva.info/medicine/iodine-treatments-radiation-exposure" target="_blank">Iodine Treatments for Radiation Exposure</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.greenmedinfo.com/pharmacological-action/radioprotective" target="_blank">Greenmedinfo.com &#8211; Radioprotective </a></p>
<p>All this information will help you to not only protect yourself from  chronic radiation exposure, but it will also help you to regain your  health by improving your mood and mental functions in these crucial and  stressful times.</p>
<p>Sources</p>
<ul>
<li>Bill Bodri. <em><a href="http://meditationexpert.com/RadiationDetoxDraft.pdf" target="_blank">How to help support the body&#8217;s healing after intense radioactive or radiation exposure</a></em>. Top Shape Publishing, LLC. 2004. </li>
<p> </p>
<li>Brown SL, Kolozsvary A, Liu J, Jenrow KA, Ryu S, Kim JH.  Antioxidant diet supplementation starting 24 hours after exposure  reduces radiation lethality. <em>Radiat Res</em>. 2010 Apr;173(4):462-8.</li>
<li>Burt Berkson, M.D., PhD. <em>The Alpha Lipoic Acid Breakthrough</em>, New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998.</li>
<li>James C. Lee, Paul A. Kinniry, Evguenia Arguiri, Matthew Serota,  Stathis Kanterakis, Shampa Chatterjee, Charalambos C. Solomides,  Prashanthi Javvadi, Constantinos Koumenis, Keith A. Cengel and Melpo  Christofidou-Solomidou (2010) Dietary Curcumin Increases Antioxidant  Defenses in Lung, Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis, and  Improves Survival in Mice. <em>Radiation Research</em>: May 2010, Vol. 173, No. 5, pp. 590-601. </li>
<li>Dan Jia, Nathan A. Koonce, Robert J. Griffin, Cassie Jackson and  Peter M. Corry (2010) Prevention and Mitigation of Acute Death of Mice  after Abdominal Irradiation by the Antioxidant N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAC).<em> Radiation Research</em>: May 2010, Vol. 173, No. 5, pp. 579-589. </li>
<li>Davis GD, Masilamoni JG, Arul V, Kumar MS, Baraneedharan U, Paul  SF, Sakthivelu IV, Jesudason EP, Jayakumar R. Radioprotective effect of  DL-alpha-lipoic acid on mice skin fibroblasts. <em>Cell Biol Toxicol</em>. 2009 Aug;25(4):331-40. Epub 2008 Jun 13.</li>
<li>Kashino G, Liu Y, Suzuki M, Masunaga S, Kinashi Y, Ono K, Tano  K, Watanabe M.An alternative mechanism for radioprotection by dimethyl  sulfoxide; possible facilitation of DNA double-strand break repair. <em>J Radiat Res</em> (Tokyo). 2010;51(6):733-40.</li>
<li>Mumpton FA. La roca magica: uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry.<em>Proc Natl Acad Sci</em> U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3463-70.</li>
<li>Nesterenko, A. B., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, A. V. (2009),  Chapter II. Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for Public  Health. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</em>, 1181: 31 &#8211; 220. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04822.x</li>
<li>Nesterenko, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Yablokov, A. V. (2009),  Chapter IV. Radiation Protection after the Chernobyl Catastrophe. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</em>, 1181: 287 &#8211; 327. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04836.x</li>
<li>Okunieff P, Swarts S, Keng P, Sun W, Wang W, Kim J, Yang S,  Zhang H, Liu C, Williams JP, Huser AK, Zhang L. Antioxidants reduce  consequences of radiation exposure. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol</em>. 2008;614:165-78. Review. </li>
<li>Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine.<em>Altern Med Rev</em>. 2002 Feb;7(1):22-44.</li>
<li>Vijayalaxmi, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Herman TS, Thomas CR Jr. Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: a review.<em> Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys</em>. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):639-53. </li>
<li>Chris Wambi, Jenine Sanzari, X. Steven Wan, Manunya Nuth, James  Davis, Ying-Hui Ko, Carly M. Sayers, Matthew Baran, Jeffrey H. Ware and  Ann R. Kennedy (2008) Dietary Antioxidants Protect Hematopoietic Cells  and Improve Animal Survival after Total-Body Irradiation. <em>Radiation Research</em>: April 2008, Vol. 169, No. 4, pp. 384-396. </li>
<li>Weiss JF, Landauer MR. Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals.. <em>Toxicology</em>. 2003 Jul 15;189(1-2):1-20.</li>
<li>T. S. Wiley, Bent Formby. <em>Lights Out: Sleep, Sugar, and Survival.</em> Atria (2001).</li>
<li>Yablokov, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B. and Nesterenko, A. V. (2009),  Chapter III. Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for the  Environment. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</em>, 1181: 221 &#8211; 286. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04830.x</li>
</ul>
<p>Original <strong>content © 2002-2011 by SOTT.net</strong>/<strong>Signs of the Times</strong>. <strong> Fair Use Policy</strong></p>
</div>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p><strong>Note: </strong></p>
<p>&#8220;The Japanese Nuclear Commission had the following goals set in 2003:</p>
<p>&#8221;  The mean value of acute fatality risk by radiation exposure resultant  from an accident of a nuclear installation to individuals of the public,  who live in the vicinity of the site boundary of the nuclear  installation, should not exceed the probability of about 1&#215;10^6 per year  (<em>that is , at least 1 per million years</em>)&#8221;.</p>
<p>That policy was designed only 8 years ago.</p>
<p>Their one in a  million-year accident almost occurred about 8 year later (I am not even  sure if it is at best a near miss).</p>
<p>We are clearly in the Fourth  Quadrant there.&#8221;<span><span style="font-family: Times;"><strong><a href="http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com"> Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> </strong>Author of <strong>&#8220;The Black Swan&#8221;</strong><br /></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>FOOD FOR THOUGHTS</strong>: <em><strong>&#8220;Rule of Law&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<h3><em><strong>&#8220;Bill Joy muses on what’s next&#8221;</strong></em></h3>
<h3>About Bill Joy</h3>
<p>The<strong> co-founder of Sun Microsystems</strong>, <strong>Bill Joy </strong>has, in recent years,  turned</p>
<p>his attention to the <strong>biggest questions facing humanity</strong>:</p>
<p><strong>Where are  we going?</strong></p>
<p><strong> What could go wrong? </strong></p>
<p><strong>What&#8217;s the next great thing?</strong></p>
<p><strong>French</strong>:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/bill-joy-reflechit-sur-ce-qui-va-arriver">http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/bill-joy-reflechit-sur-ce-qui-va-arriver</a></p>
<p><strong>Note: </strong>Cliquez sur<strong> <em>“</em>View Subtitles ‘ </strong>et faire le choix “<strong>French”…</strong></p>
<p>afin d’accéder à la <strong>Traduction française. </strong></p>
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<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;It&#8217;s time to question</strong></em><em><strong> Bio-engineering&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong>by </strong></em><strong>Paul Root Wolpe:</strong></p>
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		<title>Who Speaks for Earth by Carl Sagan</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/who-speaks-for-earth-by-carl-sagan/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:24:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[1. Creation - Higher Power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Galaxy - Milky Way]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Golden Rule]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Evolution - Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Love]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Solar System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Indigenous Voices]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Children]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[8. Soul-SQ-Idealist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[A. NEST-UNIVERSE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B. SPACE SHIP-EARTH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C. EGG-EARTH CITIZEN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[D. JOEL BOMANE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Religion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wealth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[a. Time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[b. Space]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c. Homo sapiens sapiens]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carl Sagan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Extraterrestrial life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear warfare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear weapon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Soviet Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TNT equivalent]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[A transcript from                 the final program in the Cosmos  television series first                 shown during 1980 on the Public   Broadcasting System [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A transcript from                 the final program in the <em>Cosmos </em> television series first                 shown during 1980 on the <a class="zem_slink" title="Public Broadcasting Service" rel="homepage" href="http://www.pbs.org">Public   Broadcasting System</a> in the                 <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">United States</a>. This version   differs from that in the published                 book of the same …</p>
<p>The  civilization now in jeopardy  is all humanity. As the           ancient  myth makers knew, we are  children equally of the earth and            sky. In our tenure of this  planet, we have accumulated dangerous,            evolutionary baggage &#8212;  propensities for aggression and ritua,            submission to  leaders, hostility to outsiders, all of which puts  our            survival in some doubt. We have also acquired compassion  for others,            love for our children, a desire to learn from  history and  experience,           and a great, soaring passionate  intelligence &#8212;  the clear tools for           our continued survival  and prosperity.</p>
<p>Which  aspects of our nature will  prevail is uncertain, particularly            when our visions and  prospects are bound to one small part of the            small <a class="zem_slink" title="Earth" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth">planet  earth</a>. But, up and in the cosmos an inescapable            perspective  awaits. National boundaries are not evidenced when we  view            the earth from space. Fanatic ethnic or religious or  national            identifications are a little difficult to support  when we see our            planet as a fragile, blue crescent fading to  become an  inconspicuous           point of light against the bastion and  citadel  of the stars.</p>
<p>There are not yet obvious signs  of  <a class="zem_slink" title="Extraterrestrial life" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>, and           this makes us wonder   whether civilizations like ours rush inevitably           into   self-destruction. I dream about it . . . and sometimes they are             bad dreams.</p>
<p>In the vision of the dream I once  imagined  myself searching for other           civilizations in the  cosmos.  Among a hundred billion galaxies and a           billion  trillion  stars, life and intelligence should have arisen in            many  worlds; some worlds are barren and desolate. On them life never             began or may have been extinguished in some cosmic catastrophe.   There           may be worlds rich in life not yet evolved to   intelligence and high           technology; there may be civilizations   that achieved technology and           then promptly used it to destroy   themselves; and, perhaps, there are           also beings who learn to   live with their technology and themselves,           beings who endure   and become citizens of the cosmos.</p>
<p>Immersed in these   thoughts, I found myself approaching a world that           was clearly   inhabited, a world I had visited before. I saw a planet             encompassed by light and recognized the signature of intelligence.             But, suddenly, darkness &#8212; total and absolute.</p>
<p>In   my dream, I could read the &#8220;Book of Worlds&#8221;, a vast             encyclopedia of a billion planets within the Milky Way. What could the             galactic computer tell me about this now darkened world? They   must           have survived some earlier catastrophe. Their biology  was  different           from ours. High technology. I wondered what  those  lights had been for;           there must have been signs they  were in  trouble. The possibility of           survival in a century &#8212;  less than  one percent, not very good odds.           Communications  interrupted.  Their world society had failed; they had           made  the ultimate  mistake. I felt a longing to return to earth.</p>
<p>The   television transmissions from earth rushed past me, expanding             away from our planet at the speed of light. Then suddenly &#8212; silence,             total and absolute. But the dream was not yet done.</p>
<p>Had   we destroyed our home? What had we done to the earth? There had             been many ways for life to perish at our hands; we had poisoned the             air and water; we had ravaged the land. Perhaps we had  changed  the           climate. Could it have been a plague or nuclear  war? I  remembered the           galactic computer. What would it say  about the  earth?</p>
<p>There was our region of the galaxy;  there was  our world. I had found           the entry for earth:  HUMANITY: <a class="zem_slink" title="The Twilight Zone" rel="hulu" href="http://www.cbs.com/index.php">THIRD  FROM THE SUN</a>. They had heard our           television  broadcasts and  thought them an application for cosmic            citizenship. Our  technology had been growing enormously (they got that            right).  Two hundred nation states, about six global powers,  the            potential to become one planet. Probability of survival  over a century            &#8212; here, also, less than one percent. So, it  was nuclear war, a  full           <a class="zem_slink" title="Nuclear warfare" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare">nuclear exchange</a>.</p>
<p>There  would be no  more big questions, no more answers. Never again a            love or a  child; no descendents to remember us and be proud; no more             voyages to the stars, no more songs from the earth.</p>
<p>I   saw east Africa and thought, &#8220;a few million years ago we             humans took our first steps there. Our brains grew and changed. The             old parts began to be guided by the new parts, and this made us   human           &#8212; with compassion and foresight and reason. But,   instead, we listened           to that reptilian voice within us,   counseling fear, territoriality and           aggression. We accepted   the products of science; we rejected its           methods&#8221;.</p>
<p>Maybe   the reptiles will evolve intelligence once more. Perhaps, one             day, there will be civilizations again on earth. There will be life,             there will be intelligence; but there will be no more humans  &#8212;  not           here, not in a billion worlds.</p>
<p><strong>******</strong> Every thinking person fears nuclear war, and every technological             nation plans for it. Everyone knows its madness, and every country   has           an excuse. There is a dreary chain of causality. The   Germans were           working on the bomb at the beginning of <a class="zem_slink" title="World War II" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War   II</a>, so the Americans           had to make one first. If the Americans   had one, the Russians had to           have one. Then the British, the   French, the Chinese, the Indians, the           Pakistanis. Many  nations  now collect <a class="zem_slink" title="Nuclear weapon" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon">nuclear weapons</a>; they are easy to           make.  You can  steal fissionable material from nuclear reactors.            Nuclear  weapons have almost become a home industry.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The   conventional bombs of World War II were called &#8220;blockbusters&#8221;,             filled with 20 <a class="zem_slink" title="TNT equivalent" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent">tons of TNT</a> they could destroy a city block. All the             bombs dropped on all the cities during World War II amounted to   some 2           million tons of TNT &#8212; two megatons. Coventry,   Rotterdam, Dresden and           Tokyo &#8212; all the death that rained from   the skies between 1939 and           1945 &#8212; a hundred thousand   blockbusters, two megatons. Today, two           megatons is the   equivalent of a single thermonuclear bomb &#8212; one bomb           with the   destructive force of the second world war. But there are tens             of thousands of nuclear weapons. The missile and bomber forces in the             <a class="zem_slink" title="Soviet Union" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a> and United States have warheads aimed at over   15,000           designated targets. No place on the planet is safe.</p>
<p>The   energy contained in these weapons &#8212; genies of death, patiently             awaiting the rubbing of the lamps &#8212; totals far more than 10,000             megatons; but, with the destruction concentrated efficiently,  not  over           six years but over a few hours. A blockbuster for  every  family on the           planet; a World War II every second for  the  length of a lazy           afternoon.</p>
<p>The bomb  dropped  on Hiroshima killed 70,000 people. In a full nuclear            exchange,  in the paroxysm of global death, the equivalent of a million             Hiroshimas would be dropped all over the world. And, in such  an            exchange not everyone would be killed by the blast and the  fire storm            and the immediate radiation. There would be other  agonies. The  loss of           loved ones; the legions of the burned  and blinded and  mutilated;           disease; plague; long-lived  radiation poisoning  the soil and the           water; the threat of  stillbirths and  malformed children; and, the           hopeless sense  of a civilization  destroyed for nothing. The knowledge           that  we could have  prevented it and did nothing.</p>
<p>The global  balance of  terror pioneered by the United States and the            Soviet Union  holds hostage all the citizens of the earth. Each side             consistently probes the limits of the other&#8217;s tolerance &#8212; like  the            Cuban missile crisis, the testing of anti-satellite  weapons, the            Vietnam and Afghanistan wars. The hostile  military  establishments are           locked in some ghastly mutual  embrace, each  needs the other but the           balance of terror is a  delicate  balance with very little margin for           miscalculation.  And the  world impoverishes itself by spending half a           trillion  dollars a  year in preparations for war and by employing            perhaps half  the scientists and high technologists on the planet in             military endeavors.</p>
<p>How would we explain all this  to a  dispassionate, extraterrestrial           observer? What account  would  we give of our stewardship of the planet           earth?</p>
<p>We   have hard the rationales offered by the superpowers. We know who             speaks for the nations; but who speaks for the human species? Who             speaks for earth?</p>
<p>From an extraterrestrial   perspective, our global civilization is           clearly on the edge of   failure and the most important task it faces is           preserving   the lives and well-being of its citizens and the future             habitability of the planet. If we are willing to live with the growing             likelihood of nuclear war, shouldn&#8217;t we also be willing to   explore           vigorously every possible means to prevent nuclear   war? Shouldn&#8217;t we           consider in every nation major changes in   the traditional ways of           doing things, a fundamental   restructuring of economic, political,           social and religious   institutions? We have reached a point where there           can be no   more special interests or special cases. Nuclear arms           threaten   every person on the earth.</p>
<p>Fundamental changes in   society are sometimes labeled impractical or           contrary to human   nature: as if nuclear war were practical or as if           there were   only one human nature. But fundamental changes can clearly            be  made. We are surrounded by them. In the last two centuries abject             slavery, which was with us for thousands of years, has almost   entirely           been eliminated in a stirring world wide revolution.   Women,           systematically mistreated for millennia, are gradually   gaining the           political and economic power traditionally  denied  to them. And some           wars of aggression have recently  been  stopped or curtailed because of           a revulsion felt by the  people  in the aggressor nations. The old           appeals to racial,  sexual  and religious chauvinism and to rabid           nationalism are   beginning not to work. A new consciousness is           developing  which  sees the earth as a single organism and recognizes           that  an  organism at war with itself is doomed. We are one planet.</p>
<p>One   of the great revelations of the age of space exploration is the             image of the earth, finite and lonely, somehow vulnerable, bearing   the           entire human species through the oceans of space and  time.  But this is           an ancient perception . . . history is full  of  people who, out of fear           or ignorance or the lust for  power,  have destroyed treasures of           immeasurable value which  truly  belong to all of us. We must not let it           happen again.</p>
<p>We   have considered the destruction of worlds and the end of             civilizations, but there is another perspective by which to measure             human endeavors. Let me tell you a story &#8212; about the beginning.</p>
<p>Some   fifteen billion years ago our universe began with the mightiest             explosion of all time. The universe expanded, cooled and darkened.             Energy condensed into matter, mostly hydrogen atoms, and  these  atoms           accumulated into vast clouds; rushing away from  each  other they would           one day become the galaxies. Within  these  galaxies the first           generation of stars was borne,  kindling the  energy hidden in matter,           flooding the cosmos  with light.  Hydrogen atoms that made suns and           starlight.  There were in  those times no planets to receive the light,           no  living  creatures to admire the radiance of the heavens. But deep in             the stellar furnaces nuclear fusion was creating the heavier  atoms &#8212;            carbon and oxygen, silicon and iron. These elements,  the ash  left by           hydrogen, were the raw materials from which  planets  and life later           arrived.</p>
<p>At first, the  heavier  elements were trapped in the hearts of the           stars, but  massive  stars soon exhausted their fuel and in their death            throes  returned most of their substance back into space. Interstellar             gas became enriched with heavy elements.</p>
<p>In the  Milky  Way galaxy the matter of the cosmos was recycled into            new  generations of stars now rich in heavy atoms, a legacy from their             stellar ancestors. And in the cold of. interstellar space  great            turbulent clouds were gathered. by gravity and stirred  by  starlight.           In the depths the heavy atoms condensed into  grains  of rocky dust and           ice, complex carbon-based molecules.  In  accordance with the laws of           physics and chemistry,  hydrogen  atoms had brought forth the stuff of           life. In other  clouds  more massive aggregates of gas and dust formed           later   generations of stars. As new stars were formed, tiny             condensations of matter accreted near them, inconspicuous moats of             rock and material ice and gas that would become the planets And on             these worlds, as in interstellar clouds, organic molecules   formed made           of atoms that had been cooked inside the stars. In   the tide pools and           oceans of many worlds molecules were   destroyed by sunlight and           assembled by chemistry. One day, in   these natural experiments, a           molecule arose that quite by   accident was able to make crude copies of           itself.</p>
<p>As   time passed self-replication became more accurate as molecules             that copied better produced more copies. Natural selection was under             way. Elaborate molecular machines had evolved slowly,   imperceptibly &#8212;           life had begun. Collectives of organic   molecules evolved into           one-celled organisms. These produced   multi-celled colonies. Various           parts became specialized   organs. Some colonies attached themselves to           the sea floor;   others swam freely. Eyes evolved and now the cosmos           could see.   Living things moved on to colonize the land. Reptiles held             sway for a time and gave way to small, warm blooded creatures with             bigger brains who developed dexterity and curiosity about their             environment. They learned to use tools and fire and language &#8212;   star           stuff, the ash of stellar alchemy had emerged into   consciousness.</p>
<p>We are a way for the cosmos to know   itself. We are creatures of the           cosmos and always hunger to   know our origins, to understand our           connection with the   universe. How did everything come to be? Every           culture on the   planet has devised its own response to the riddle posed           by  the  universe. Every culture celebrates the cycles of life and             nature. There are many different ways of being human.</p>
<p>But,   an extraterrestrial visitor examining the differences among             human societies would find those differences trivial compared to the             similarities. We are one species. We are star stuff harvesting   star           light. Our lives, our past and our future are tied to  the  sun, the           moon and the stars. Our ancestors knew that  their  survival depended on           understanding the heavens. They  built  observatories and computers to           predict the changing of  the  seasons by the motions in the skies. We           are all of us   descended from astronomers.</p>
<p>The discovery that there is   order in the universe, that there are           laws of nature, is the   foundation on which science is built on today.           Our conception   of the cosmos &#8212; all of modern science and technology           &#8211;is   traced back to questions raised by the stars. Yet, even 400 years             ago we had still no idea of our place in the universe. The long             journey to that understanding required both an unflinching  respect  for           the facts and a delight in the natural world.</p>
<p>Johannes   Kepler wrote: &#8220;We do not ask for what useful purpose           the   birds do sing, for song is their pleasure since they were created             for singing. Similarly, we ought not to ask why the human mind             troubles to fathom the secrets of the heavens. The diversity of  the            phenomena of nature is so great and the treasures hidden  in  the           heavens so rich precisely in order that the human mind   shall never be           lacking in fresh enrichment.&#8221;</p>
<p>It   is the birthright of every child to encounter the cosmos anew in             every culture in every age. When this happens to us, we experience  a            deep sense of wonder. The most fortunate among us are  guided  by           teachers who channel this exhilaration. We are born  to  delight in the           world; we are taught to distinguish our   preconceptions from the truth.           Then, new worlds are discovered   as we decipher the mysteries of the           cosmos.</p>
<p>Science   is a collective enterprise which embraces many cultures and             spans the generations in every age and sometimes in the most unlikely             places there are those who wish with a great deal of passion  to            understand the world. There is no way of knowing where the   next           discovery will come from. What dream of the mind&#8217;s eye   will remake the           world. These dreams begin as impossibilities.   Once, even to see a           planet through a telescope was an   astonishment; but we studied these           worlds, figured out how   they moved in their orbits, and soon we were           planning voyages   of discovery beyond the earth and sending robot           explorers to   the planets and the stars.</p>
<p>We humans long to be   connected with our origins so we create rituals.           Science is   another way to experience this longing. It also connects us             with our origins, and it too has its rituals and its commandments. Its             only sacred truth is that there are no sacred truths. All   assumptions           must be critically examined. Arguments from   authority are worthless.           Whatever is inconsistent with the   facts &#8212; no matter how fond of it we           are &#8212; must be discarded   or revised. Science is not perfect. It is           often misused. It  is  only a tool, but it is the best tool we have &#8212;             self-correcting, ever changing, applicable to everything. With this             tool we vanquish the impossible; with the methods of science we   have           begun to explore the cosmos. For the first time   scientific discoveries           are widely accessible. Our machines &#8212;   the products of our science &#8212;           are now beyond the orbit  of   Saturn. A preliminary spacecraft           reconnaissance has been made   of 20 new worlds. We have learned to           value careful   observation, to respect the facts even when they are             disquieting, when they seem to contradict &#8220;conventional wisdom&#8221;.</p>
<p>We   depend upon free inquiry and free access to knowledge. We humans             have seen the atoms which constitute all of nature and the forces   that           sculpted this work and others. We have found that the   molecules of           life are easily formed under conditions   throughout the cosmos. We have           mapped the molecular machines   of the heart of life. We have discovered           a microcosm in a drop   of water; we have peered into the bloodstream           and down on  the  stormy planet to see the earth as a single organism.           We  have  found volcanoes on other worlds and explosions on the sun,             studied comets from the depths of space and traced their origins and             destinies; listened to pulsars and searched for other   civilizations.</p>
<p>We humans have set foot on another world   in a place called the Sea of           Tranquility, an astonishing   achievement for creatures such as we,           whose earliest footsteps   three and one-half million years old are           preserved in the   volcanic ash of east Africa. We have walked far.</p>
<p>These   are some of the things that hydrogen atoms do given fifteen             billion years of cosmic evolution. It has the sound of epic myth, but             it is simply a description of the evolution of the cosmos as   revealed           by science in our time. And we, we who embody the   local eyes and ears           and thoughts and feelings of the cosmos,   we have begun at least to           wonder about our origins &#8212; star   stuff contemplating the stars,           organized collections of ten   billion billion billion atoms,           contemplating the evolution of   nature, tracing that long path by which           it arrived at   consciousness here on the planet earth, and perhaps           throughout   the cosmos.</p>
<p>Our loyalties are to the species and to  the  planet. We speak for           earth. Our obligation to survive and   flourish is owed not just to           ourselves but also to that cosmos   ancient and vast from which we           spring!</p>
<p>Copyright: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/" target="_blank">http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/</a></p>
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		<title>Columbian President Sworn in by Kogi</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/columbian-president-sworn-in-by-kogi/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Sep 2010 12:44:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[1. Creation - Higher Power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Golden Rule]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[A. NEST-UNIVERSE]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Kogui]]></category>
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The Kogi or Kogui or Kaggabba, translated &#8220;jaguar&#8221; in the Kogi language are a Native American ethnic group that lives in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia. They are one of the few surviving Pre-Columbian civilizations of South America.
The Kogui language belongs to the Chibcha family.
&#8220;The journey to reach their native lands involves [...]]]></description>
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<p>The <strong>Kogi</strong> or <strong>Kogui</strong> or <strong>Kaggabba</strong>, translated &#8220;<a title="Jaguar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar">jaguar</a>&#8221; in the <a title="Kogi language (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kogi_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Kogi language</a> are a <a title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas">Native American</a> ethnic group that lives in the <a title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> in <a title="Colombia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia">Colombia</a>. They are one of the few surviving <a class="zem_slink" title="Pre-Columbian era" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian civilizations</a> of <a title="South America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America">South America</a>.</p>
<p>The Kogui language belongs to the <a title="Chibchan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan_languages">Chibcha family</a>.</p>
<p>&#8220;<em>The journey to reach their native lands involves passing through a jungle region known to local tomb robbers and cocaine makers as “hell,” where nature and armed gangs combine to seal the Kogi away. Hidden from the modern world, the Kogi are revered by other Native Americans from the Amazon to the <a class="zem_slink" title="Hudson River" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.7030555556,-74.0266666667&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=40.7030555556,-74.0266666667%20%28Hudson%20River%29&amp;t=h">Hudson River</a>. Today’s Guatemalan Maya are led by men who were sent as children to be trained by the Kogi. The Seminole people of Florida send offerings to them.</em></p>
<p><em>Their spiritual leaders are raised in the dark for their first 18 years, to communicate with “ALUNA”, the thought process that shapes and maintains reality, the source of life and intelligence. They then become Mamos (Enlightened Ones). Some work at remote places which they call “hot spots”, where they believe living energy pours into the world. They guard their isolation and secrecy so that they can continue this work.</em></p>
<p><em>But now they believe their work has become impossible in the face of our destructive greed.</em></p>
<p><em>Now they have another message to share, and we all must listen…&#8221;</em></p>
<p><strong>Copyright:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://alunathemovie.com/en/">http://alunathemovie.com/en/</a></p>
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<p><strong><em>Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos</em> during his official swearing-in ceremony in Bogota on August 7, 2010</strong></p>
<h2>History</h2>
<p>The Kogui claim to be descendants of the <a title="Tairona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairona">Tairona</a> culture, which flourished before the time of the <a title="Spanish conquest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest">Spanish conquest</a>. The Tairona were forced to move into the highlands when the Caribs invaded around 1000 AD, according to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://countrystudies.us/colombia/4.htm">Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress</a> which allowed them to evade the worst effects of the Spanish colonization. Like so many ancient myths concerning holy mountains at the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/quest-for-the-lost-civilization/">&#8220;centre of the world&#8221;,</a> their mythology teaches that they are &#8220;<a class="zem_slink" title="Koguis" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguis">Elder Brothers</a>&#8221; of humanity, living in the &#8220;Heart of the World&#8221; (the <a class="zem_slink" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=36.5785833333,-118.292&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=36.5785833333,-118.292%20%28Sierra%20Nevada%20%28U.S.%29%29&amp;t=h">Sierra</a> Nevada of Santa Marta). Those not living in the Heart of the World are called &#8220;Younger Brothers.&#8221; Their mythology suggests that these Younger Brothers were sent away from the heart of the world long ago, seemingly in reference to these same <a title="Carib people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_people">Carib people</a> who are said to have originated from South America.</p>
<h2>Spiritual beliefs</h2>
<p>The Kogui base their lifestyles on their belief in &#8220;The Great Mother,&#8221; their creator figure, whom they believe is the force behind nature, providing guidance. The Kogui’s understand the Earth to be a living being, and see the colonizers&#8217; <a title="Mining" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining">mining</a>, building, pollution and other activities damaging the Great Mother.</p>
<p>From birth the Kogui’s attune their priests, called <em>Mamas</em>, to the mystic world called <em>Aluna</em>. It is in this &#8220;spirit-realm&#8221; that the Mamas operate to help the Great Mother sustain the Earth. Through deep meditation and symbolic offerings, the Mamas believe they support the balance of harmony and creativity in the world. It is also in this realm that the essence of <a class="zem_slink" title="Agriculture" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture">agriculture</a> is nurtured: seeds are blessed in Aluna before being planted, to ensure they grow successfully.</p>
<h2>Modern Kogui</h2>
<p>The Kogui people live largely in peace amongst themselves and their environment. They use <a title="Slash-and-burn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> farming methods; each family tends farms at varying altitudes of the Sierra, producing different crops to satisfy the range of their needs, they also raise cattle on the highlands. Their community is closely knit around the Mamas, while the rest of the community works under direction of the Mamas.</p>
<h2>References</h2>
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguis#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong> Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress as part of the Country Studies/Area Handbook Series sponsored by the <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">U.S.</a> Department of the Army between 1986 and 1998.</li>
</ol>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="Arhuacos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhuacos">Arhuacos</a></li>
<li><a title="Juan Mayr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mayr">Juan Mayr</a></li>
<li><a title="Tairona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairona">Taironas</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.sacredland.org/sierra-nevada-de-santa-marta/">http://www.sacredland.org/sierra-nevada-de-santa-marta/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.tairona.org/org-en.html">http://www.tairona.org/org-en.html</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature3/index.html">National Geographic article on the Indians of the Sierra Nevada Mountains</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sacredland.org/sierra-nevada-de-santa-marta/">Sacred Land Film Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/wade_davis_on_endangered_cultures.html">TEDtalks, Wade Davis on endangered cultures, the Koguis at 8 minutes 10 seconds</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>The Hayden Planetarium</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/hayden-planetarium/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/hayden-planetarium/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 10:42:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[1. Galaxy - Milky Way]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Evolution - Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Love]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[7. Heart-EQ-Guardian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[8. Soul-SQ-Idealist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[A. NEST-UNIVERSE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B. SPACE SHIP-EARTH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C. EGG-EARTH CITIZEN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[a. Time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[American Museum of Natural History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Central Park West]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hayden Planetarium]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manhattan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The Hayden Planetarium is a public planetarium located on Central Park West, New York City, next to and organizationally part of the American Museum of Natural History.
From: Wikipedia®

From: ® http://www.haydenplanetarium.org
Since February 2000, the planetarium has been one of the two main attractions within the Rose Center for Earth and Space. The top half of the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Hayden Planetarium" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.78148,-73.97324&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=40.78148,-73.97324%20%28Hayden%20Planetarium%29&amp;t=h">Hayden Planetarium</a></strong> is a public <a title="Planetarium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium">planetarium</a> located on <a title="Central Park West" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_West">Central Park West</a>, <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>, next to and organizationally part of the <a title="American Museum of Natural History" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History">American Museum of Natural History</a>.</p>
<p>From: Wikipedia®</p>
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<p><strong>From:</strong> ® http://www.haydenplanetarium.org</p>
<p>Since February 2000, the planetarium has been one of the two main attractions within the <a title="Rose Center for Earth and Space" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Center_for_Earth_and_Space">Rose Center for Earth and Space</a>. The top half of the Hayden Sphere houses the Star Theater, which uses high-resolution <a title="Fulldome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulldome">fulldome video</a> to project “space shows” based in scientific visualization of current astrophysical data, in addition to a customized <a title="Carl Zeiss AG" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG">Zeiss</a> <a title="Zeiss projector" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_projector">Star Projector</a> system replicating an accurate night sky as seen from <a class="zem_slink" title="Earth" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth">Earth</a>. The bottom half of the Sphere is home to the Big Bang Theater, which depicts <a title="Big Bang" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang">the birth of the universe</a> in a four-minute program. As visitors leave the Planetarium theater, they exit to the Size Scales of the Universe exhibit which shows the vast array of sizes in the universe; the walkway itself is a timeline of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present. This exhibit leads to the Big Bang Theater and exits to the Cosmic Pathway, which shows the history of the universe. From the bottom of the Cosmic Pathway, visitors can stop by the Hall of Planet Earth to explore geology, weather, plate tectonics and more, or go down to the Hall of the Universe to explore the realms of planets, stars, galaxies and more.</p>
<p><a title="Astrophysics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics">Astrophysicist</a> <a title="Neil deGrasse Tyson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a> is the planetarium’s director.</p>
<p>The Hayden Planetarium offers a number of courses and public presentations including the Frontiers of Astrophysics and Distinguished Authors lecture series.</p>
<p>When the Hayden Planetarium reopened after renovation in 2000 with a model of only eight planets, excluding what was then called planet <a title="Pluto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto">Pluto</a>, it resulted in a headline-making controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup></p>
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<h2>History</h2>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1935</td>
<td>
<p>The Hayden Planetarium, designed by architects <a title="Trowbridge &amp; Livingston" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowbridge_%26_Livingston">Trowbridge &amp; Livingston</a>, opens, after its construction is funded by a $650,000 loan from the <a title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> and a $150,000 donation from banker <a title="Charles Hayden (banker)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hayden_%28banker%29">Charles Hayden</a> of <a title="Hayden, Stone &amp; Co." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden,_Stone_%26_Co.">Hayden, Stone &amp; Co.</a> Its mission was to give the public</p>
<blockquote><p><em>a more lively and sincere appreciation of the magnitude of the universe&#8230; and for the wonderful things which are daily occurring in the universe.</em></p>
</blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1960</td>
<td>A <a title="Zeiss projector" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_projector">Zeiss Mark IV projector</a> is installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1973</td>
<td>A Zeiss Mark VI projector and new seats are installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1979</td>
<td>The planetarium appears as a backdrop for scenes in the film <em><a title="Manhattan (film)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_%28film%29">Manhattan</a></em>. <a title="Woody Allen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen">Woody Allen</a> and <a title="Diane Keaton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> play characters who walk around within the planetarium after escaping from a sudden downburst of rain.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1997</td>
<td>The original Hayden Planetarium is closed and demolished in January.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">1999</td>
<td>A new, customized Zeiss Mark IX projector is installed in August. It is accompanied by a digital dome projection system that provides a <a title="3D computer graphics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics">3-D visualization</a> of the universe based on images generated in real time by a <a title="Silicon Graphics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> supercomputer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50" valign="top">2000</td>
<td>On February 19th, the Rose Center for Earth and Space, designed by <a title="James Polshek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polshek">James Polshek</a> and containing the new Hayden Planetarium, opens to the public.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a title="List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City">List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/tyson_responds_010202.html">&#8220;Astronomer Responds to Pluto-Not-a-Planet Claim&#8221;</a>. Space.com. February 2, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/tyson_responds_010202.html">http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/tyson_responds_010202.html</a>. Retrieved 2006-09-08. </li>
</ol>
</div>
<table border="0">
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amnh.org/rose/">Rose Center for Earth and Space official website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060306054830/http://web.archive.org/web/20060306054830/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/hp/history.html">History of the Hayden Planetarium</a> at the <a title="Internet Archive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zeiss.de/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/5219daa6adef00d841256a71003b0982">Summary of the Hayden Planetarium</a> from the <a title="Carl Zeiss AG" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG">Zeiss</a> website</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/hp/vo/du/index.html">&#8216;The Digital Universe&#8217;</a> — 3-dimensional atlas of the universe — free downloadable software provided by the Hayden Planetarium</li>
</ul>
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