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		<title>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 &#8211; 30 January 1948)</title>
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30 January 1948 &#8211; 30 January 2012 &#8220;Faith gains in strength only when people are willing to lay down their lives for it&#8230;.Faith is not like a delicate flower which would wither away&#8230;.Robust faith in oneself and brave trust of the opponent, so-called or real, is the best safeguard&#8230;.A living faith cannot be manufactured by [...]]]></description>
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<td colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MKGandhi.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MKGandhi.jpg/200px-MKGandhi.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="242" /></a><strong><em>30 January 1948 &#8211; 30 January 2012</em></strong> &#8220;Faith gains in strength only when people are willing to lay down their lives for it&#8230;.Faith is not like a delicate flower which would wither away&#8230;.Robust faith in oneself and brave trust of the opponent, so-called or real, is the best safeguard&#8230;.A living faith cannot be manufactured by the rule of [the] majority&#8230;.What is faith if it is not translated into action?&#8230;Faith is not imparted like secular subjects. It is given through the language of the heart&#8230;.Every living faith must have within itself the power of rejuvenation if it is to live. Just as the body cannot exist without blood, so the soul needs matchless and pure strength of faith&#8230;.My effort should never be to undermine another&#8217;s faith but to make him a better follower of his own faith&#8230;.Even as a tree has a single trunk but many branches and leaves, there is one religion&#8211; human religion&#8211;but any number of faiths&#8221; ~<strong> Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</strong></td>
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<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>2 October 1869<br /><a title="Porbandar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandar#Princely_Porbandar_.281600_AD_onwards.29">Porbandar</a>, <a title="Kathiawar Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agency">Kathiawar Agency</a>,<a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj">British India</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>30 January 1948 (aged 78)<br /><a title="New Delhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a title="Dominion of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India">Dominion of India</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Cause of death</th>
<td><a title="Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi">Assassination by shooting</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
<td><a title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials">Rajghat</a>, <a class="zem_slink" title="New Delhi" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi">New Delhi, India</a><br /><img title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" alt="" /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi&amp;params=28.6415_N_77.2483_E_">28.6415°N 77.2483°E</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td>Indian</td>
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<th scope="row">Other names</th>
<td>Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu</td>
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<th scope="row"><em><a title="Alma mater" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater">Alma mater</a></em></th>
<td><a title="University College London" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London">University College London</a>,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Gangrade2004-1">[2]</a></sup><a title="University of London" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London">University of London</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Known for</th>
<td>Prominent figure of <a title="Indian independence movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement">Indian independence movement</a><br />Propounding the philosophy of<a title="Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> and <a title="Ahimsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a><br />Advocating <a title="Non-violence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violence">non-violence</a><br /><a title="Pacifism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism">Pacifism</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Religion</th>
<td><a title="Hinduism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Spouse</th>
<td><a title="Kasturba Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Children</th>
<td><a title="Harilal Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi">Harilal</a><br /><a title="Manilal Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi">Manilal</a><br /><a title="Ramdas Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi">Ramdas</a><br /><a title="Devdas Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi">Devdas</a><br />child who died in infancy</td>
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<th scope="row">Parents</th>
<td>Putlibai Gandhi (Mother)<br />Karamchand Gandhi (Father)</td>
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<th scope="row">Signature</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_signature.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gandhi_signature.svg/150px-Gandhi_signature.svg.png" alt="" width="150" height="75" /></a></td>
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<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a></strong> (<a title="Gujarati language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language">Gujarati</a>: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; <a title="Hindi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi">Hindi</a>: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, pronounced: <a title="Wikipedia:IPA for Hindi and Urdu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urdu">[moːˈɦənd̪aːs kəˈrəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]</a><small> (<a title="File:Hi-Gandhi pronunciation.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hi-Gandhi_pronunciation.ogg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" alt="" width="13" height="13" /></a> <a title="Hi-Gandhi pronunciation.ogg" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Hi-Gandhi_pronunciation.ogg">listen</a>)</small>. 2 October 1869– 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of <a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj">India</a> during the <a title="Indian independence movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement">Indian independence movement</a>. Pioneering the use of <a title="Nonviolence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence">non-violent</a> resistance to tyranny through mass <a title="Civil disobedience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, a tool to fight for civil rights and freedom that he called <em><a title="Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha">satyagraha</a></em>, he founded his doctrine of nonviolent protest to achieve political and social progress based upon <em><a title="Ahimsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></em>, or total <a title="Nonviolence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> for which he is internationally renowned.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Gandhi led India to its <a title="Indian independence movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement">independence</a> and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Gandhi is often referred to as <strong>Mahatma</strong> (or &#8220;Great Soul,&#8221; an honorific first applied to him by <a title="Rabindranath Tagore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>). In India, he is also called <strong>Bapu</strong> (or &#8220;Father&#8221;) and officially honoured as the <em><a title="Father of the Nation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation">Father of the Nation</a></em>. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as <em><a title="Gandhi Jayanti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></em>, a <a title="Holidays in India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_India">national holiday</a>, and worldwide as the <a title="International Day of Non-Violence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a>.</p>
<p>Gandhi first employed non-violent <a title="Civil disobedience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience">civil disobedience</a> as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community&#8217;s struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers in protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the <a title="Indian National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women&#8217;s rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending <a title="Dalit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit">untouchability</a>, increasing economic self-reliance, but above all for achieving <em><a title="Swaraj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj">Swaraj</a></em>—the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led Indians in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) <a title="Salt Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha">Dandi Salt March</a> in 1930, and later in calling for the British to <em><a title="Quit India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India">Quit India</a></em> in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi strove to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a <a title="Sabarmati Ashram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram">self-sufficient residential community</a> and wore the traditional Indian <em><a title="Dhoti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti">dhoti</a></em> and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a <em><a title="Charkha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkha">charkha</a></em>. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long <a title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi">fasts</a> as means of both self-purification and social protest.</p>
<p>Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948, by <a title="Nathuram Godse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a Hindu nationalist who felt Gandhi was sympathetic to the Muslims. <a title="January 30" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_30">January 30</a>, hence is observed as <a title="Martyrs' Day (India)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)">Martyrs&#8217; Day</a> in India.</p>
<h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Gandhi.jpg"><br /><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Young_Gandhi.jpg/170px-Young_Gandhi.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="320" /></a>Early life and background</h2>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Gandhi.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi in his earliest known photo, aged 7, <a title="Circa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa">c.</a> 1876</p>
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<p>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869  in <a title="Porbandar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandar">Porbandar</a>, a coastal town which was then part of the <a title="Bombay Presidency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, <a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj">British India</a>. He was born in his ancestral home, now known as <a title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a>, Porbandar. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), who belonged to the <a title="Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu">Hindu</a> <a title="Modh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modh">Modh</a> community, served as the <em><a title="Diwan (title)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_(title)">diwan</a></em> (a high official) of <a title="Porbandar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandar">Porbander state</a>, a small <a title="Princely state" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state">princely state</a> in the <a title="Kathiawar Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agency">Kathiawar Agency</a> of <a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj">British India</a>. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, fondly called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu <a title="Pranami" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranami">Pranami</a> <a title="Vaishnava" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> community, was Karamchand&#8217;s fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Growing up with a devout mother and the <a title="Jainism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism">Jain</a> traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included compassion for sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different creeds.</p>
<p>The Indian classics, especially the stories of <a title="Shravan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravan#In_Hindu_epics">Shravana</a> and <a title="Harishchandra" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishchandra">Maharaja Harishchandra</a>, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that it left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: &#8220;It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number.&#8221; Gandhi&#8217;s early self-identification with Truth and Love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters.</p>
<p>In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-old <a title="Kasturba Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi">Kasturbai Makhanji</a> (her first name was usually shortened to &#8220;Kasturba&#8221;, and affectionately to &#8220;Ba&#8221;) in an <a title="Arranged marriage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage">arranged</a> <a title="Child marriage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage">child marriage</a>, according to the custom of the region.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, &#8220;As we didn&#8217;t know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives.&#8221; However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents&#8217; house, and away from her husband. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple&#8217;s first child was born, but survived only a few days, and Gandhi&#8217;s father, Karamchand Gandhi, had died earlier that year. Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: <a title="Harilal Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi">Harilal</a>, born in 1888; <a title="Manilal Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi">Manilal</a>, born in 1892; <a title="Ramdas Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi">Ramdas</a>, born in 1897; and <a title="Devdas Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi">Devdas</a>, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained an average student. He passed the <a title="Matriculation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation">matriculation exam</a> for Samaldas College at <a title="Bhavnagar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a>, Gujarat, with some difficulty. While there, he was unhappy, in part because his family wanted him to become a <a title="Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister">barrister</a>.</p>
<h2>English barrister</h2>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg/220px-Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="144" /></a>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Gandhi and his wife <a title="Kasturba Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi">Kasturba</a> (1902)</p>
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<p>In 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law at <a title="University College London" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London">University College London</a> where he studied Indian law and jurisprudence and to train as a<a title="Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister">barrister</a> at the <a title="Inner Temple" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple">Inner Temple</a>. His time in the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother in the presence of the Jain monk Becharji, upon leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity. Although Gandhi experimented with adopting &#8220;English&#8221; customs—taking dancing lessons for example—he could not stomach the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady, and he was always hungry until he found one of London&#8217;s few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by <a title="Henry Stephens Salt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt">Henry Salt&#8217;s</a> book, he joined the <a title="Vegetarian Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society">Vegetarian Society</a>, was elected to its executive committee,<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>and started a local Bayswater chapter. Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the <a title="Theosophical Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophical_Society">Theosophical Society</a>, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of <a title="Buddhist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a title="Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu">Hindu</a> literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the <em><a title="Bhagavad Gita" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></em> both in translation as well as in the original. Not having shown interest in religion before, he became interested in religious thought and began to read up on it.</p>
<p>Gandhi was called to the bar in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him. His attempts at establishing a law practice in <a title="Bombay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay">Bombay</a> failed because he was too shy to speak up in court. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, a business he was forced to close when he ran afoul of a British officer. In 1893 he eagerly accepted a year-long contract from Dada Abdulla &amp; Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the <a title="Colony of Natal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal">Colony of Natal</a>, South Africa, then part of the <a title="British Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire">British Empire</a>.</p>
<h2>Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914)</h2>
<div>Main article: <a title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi_in_South_Africa">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa</a></div>
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<p>Gandhi in South Africa (1895)</p>
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<p>Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views, his ethics, and his political leadership skills. The Indians in South Africa were led by wealthy Muslims, who employed Gandhi as a lawyer, and by impoverished Hindu indentured laborers with very limited rights. Gandhi considered them all to be Indians, taking a lifetime view that &#8220;Indianness&#8221; transcended religion and caste. He believed he could bridge historic differences, especially regarding religion, and that belief he brought back to India and tried to implement. The South African experience created handicaps that Gandhi did not realize—he was out of contact with the enormous complexities of religious and cultural life in India, and believed he understood India by getting to know and leading Indians in South Africa. Furthermore the officials he was dealing with were much more liberal than the British officials in India—General Smuts, for example, was a world class philosopher with a broad vision; he was an Africaaner willing to negotiate and compromise, not an Englishman defending the Raj against another Mutiny like 1857.</p>
<p>In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at all coloured people. He was thrown off a train at <a title="Pietermaritzburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a> after refusing to move from the first-class; he protested and was allowed on first class the next day. Travelling farther on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to move to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from several hotels. In another incident, the magistrate of a <a title="Durban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban">Durban</a> court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do. These events were a turning point in Gandhi&#8217;s life: they shaped his social activism and awakened him to social injustice. After witnessing racism, <a title="Prejudice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice">prejudice</a> and injustice against Indians in South Africa, Gandhi began to question his place in society and his people&#8217;s standing in the <a title="British Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire">British Empire</a>.</p>
<p>Gandhi extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to halt the bill&#8217;s passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He helped found the <a title="Natal Indian Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a> in 1894, and through this organisation, he moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. In January 1897, when Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him and he escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. He, however, refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law.</p>
<p>In 1906, the <a title="Transvaal Colony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Colony">Transvaal</a> government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony&#8217;s Indian population. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of <em>satyagraha</em> (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest, for the first time. He urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. The community adopted this plan, and during the ensuing seven-year struggle, thousands of Indians were jailed, flogged, or shot for striking, refusing to register, for burning their registration cards or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance. The government successfully repressed the Indian protesters, but the public outcry over the harsh treatment of peaceful Indian protesters by the South African government forced South African General <a title="Jan Christiaan Smuts" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Christiaan_Smuts">Jan Christiaan Smuts</a> to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi. Gandhi&#8217;s ideas took shape, and the concept of <em>satyagraha</em> matured during this struggle.</p>
<h3>Reactions to blacks</h3>
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<p>M.K. Gandhi while serving in the Ambulance Corps during the Boer War (1899)</p>
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<p>After the black majority came to power in South Africa, Gandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Gandhi focused his attention on Indians in South Africa, but historians have also examined his changing ideas on the proper role for blacks. White rule enforced strict segregation among all races and generated conflict between these communities). At first Gandhi shared racial notions prevalent in the 1890s. Bhana and Vahed argue that Gandhi&#8217;s experiences in jail sensitized him to the plight of blacks. &#8220;His negative views in the Johannesburg jail were reserved for hardened African prisoners rather than Africans generally.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1906, the British <a title="Zulu War of 1906" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_War_of_1906">declared war</a> against the <a title="Zulu kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_kingdom">Zulu kingdom</a> in Natal. Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British accepted Gandhi&#8217;s offer to let a detachment of 20 Indians volunteer as a stretcher-bearer corps to treat wounded British soldiers. This corps was commanded by Gandhi and operated for less than two months. The experience taught him it was hopeless to directly challenge the overwhelming military power of the British army—he decided it could only be resisted in non-violent fashion by the pure of heart.</p>
<h2>Struggle for Indian Independence (1915–45)</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="Indian independence movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement">Indian independence movement</a></div>
<p>In 1915, Gandhi returned to India permanently. He brought a reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organizer. He joined the <a title="Indian National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</a>and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by <a title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale&#8217;s liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look wholly Indian.</p>
<h3>Role in World War I</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#The_role_of_India">World War I#The role of India</a></div>
<p>In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the <a title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford">Viceroy</a> invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India&#8217;s independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled &#8220;Appeal for Enlistment&#8221;, Gandhi wrote &#8220;To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them&#8230;If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.&#8221; He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the <a title="John Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maffey,_1st_Baron_Rugby">Viceroy&#8217;s private secretary</a> that he &#8220;personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe.&#8221; Gandhi&#8217;s war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence as his friend <a title="Charles Freer Andrews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews">Charlie Andrews</a> confirms, &#8220;Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement.&#8221; <a title="Mahadev Desai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Desai">Gandhi&#8217;s private secretary</a> also had acknowledged that &#8220;The question of the consistency between his creed of &#8216;Ahimsa&#8217; (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since.&#8221;</p>
<h3>Champaran and Kheda</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_and_Kheda_Satyagraha">Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha</a></div>
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<p>Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas</p>
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<p>Gandhi&#8217;s first major achievements came in 1918 with the <a title="Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_and_Kheda_Satyagraha">Champaran and Kheda agitations</a> of Bihar and Gujarat. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who were backed by the local administration. The peasantry was forced to grow Indigo, a cash crop whose demand had been declining over two decades, and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. Unhappy wIth this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of non-violent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.</p>
<p>In 1918, <a title="Kheda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheda">Kheda</a> was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Using non-cooperation as a technique, Gandhi advocated the non-payment of taxes even under the threat of confiscation of land. Gandhi established an <a title="Ashram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram">ashram</a> there, organising scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. He organised a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils such as untouchability and alcoholism.</p>
<p>His most important impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Gandhi led organised protests and strikes against the landlords. With the guidance of the British government, these landlords agreed to suspend revenue hikes until the famine ended and to grant the poor farmers of the region increased compensation and control over farming. It was during this agitation that Gandhi was addressed by the people as <em>Bapu</em> (Father) and <em>Mahatma</em> (Great Soul). In Kheda, <a title="Sardar Patel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Patel">Sardar Patel</a> represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners. Gandhi&#8217;s popularity rose in India post this agitation.</p>
<h3>Non-cooperation</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Non-cooperation movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement">Non-cooperation movement</a></div>
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<p>Mahatama Gandhi spinning an yarn</p>
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<p>Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his &#8220;weapons&#8221; in the struggle against the <a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj">British Raj</a>. In <a title="Punjab (British India)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)">Punjab</a>, the <a title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> of civilians by British troops (also known as the <a title="Amritsar Massacre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_Massacre">Amritsar Massacre</a>) caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence. Gandhi criticised both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots which, after initial opposition in the party, was accepted following Gandhi&#8217;s emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified. After the massacre and subsequent violence, Gandhi began to focus on winning complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon into <em><a title="Swaraj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj">Swaraj</a></em> or complete individual, spiritual, political independence.</p>
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<p><a title="Sabarmati Ashram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a>, Gandhi&#8217;s home in Gujarat</p>
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<p>In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the <a title="Indian National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganised with a new constitution, with the goal of <em>Swaraj</em>. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the <a title="Swadeshi movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement"><em>swadeshi</em> policy</a>—the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that <em><a title="Khadi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi">khadi</a></em>(homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning <em>khadi</em> in support of the independence movement. Gandhi even invented a small, portable spinning wheel that could be folded into the size of a small typewriter. This was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to weeding out the unwilling and ambitious and to include women in the movement at a time when many thought that such activities were not respectable activities for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake <a title="British honours system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_system">British titles and honours</a>.</p>
<p>&#8220;Non-cooperation&#8221; enjoyed widespread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society. Yet, just as the movement reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a violent clash in the town of <a title="Chauri Chaura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura">Chauri Chaura</a>, Uttar Pradesh, in February 1922. Fearing that the movement was about to take a turn towards violence, and convinced that this would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civil disobedience. This was the third time that Gandhi had called off a major campaign. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years&#8217; imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in February 1924 for an <a title="Appendicitis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> operation, having served only 2 years<span style="font-size: 11px;">.</span></p>
<p>Without Gandhi&#8217;s unifying personality, the Indian National Congress began to splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one led by <a title="Chitta Ranjan Das" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitta_Ranjan_Das">Chitta Ranjan Das</a> and <a title="Motilal Nehru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by <a title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a> and <a title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, opposing this move. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which had been strong at the height of the non-violence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success.</p>
<h3>Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Salt Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha">Salt Satyagraha</a></div>
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<p>Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha</p>
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<p>Gandhi stayed out of active politics and, as such, the limelight for most of the 1920s. He focused instead on resolving the wedge between the Swaraj Party and the Indian National Congress, and expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He returned to the fore in 1928. In the preceding year, the British government had appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon, which did not include any Indian as its member. The result was a boycott of the commission by Indian political parties. Gandhi pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence for the country as its goal. Gandhi had not only moderated the views of younger men like <a title="Subhas Chandra Bose" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and <a title="Jawaharlal Nehru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also reduced his own call to a one year wait, instead of two. The British did not respond. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in <a title="Lahore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore">Lahore</a>. 26 January 1930 was celebrated as India&#8217;s Independence Day by the Indian National Congress meeting in Lahore. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930. This was highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where he marched 388 kilometres (241 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.</p>
<h4>Women</h4>
<p>Salt as a household necessity was of special interest to women. Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and he went so far as to say that &#8220;the women have come to look upon me as one of themselves.&#8221; He opposed purdah, child marriage, untouchability, and the extreme oppression of Hindu widows, up to and including sati. He especially recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products.  Sarma concludes that Gandhi&#8217;s success in enlisting women in his campaigns, including the salt tax campaign, anti-untouchability campaign and the peasant movement, gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life.</p>
<h4>Gandhi as folk hero</h4>
<p>Congress in the 1920s appealed to peasants by portraying Gandhi as a sort of Messiah, a strategy that succeeded in incorporating radical forces within the peasantry into the nonviolent resistance movement. In thousands of villages plays were performed that presented Gandhi as the reincarnation of earlier Indian nationalist leaders, or even as a demigod. The plays built support among illiterate peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture. Similar messianic imagery appeared in popular songs and poems, and in Congress-sponsored religious pageants and celebrations. The result was Gandhi became not only a folk hero but the Congress was widely seen in the villages as his sacred instrument.</p>
<h4>Negotiations</h4>
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<p><a title="Mahadev Desai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Desai">Mahadev Desai</a> (left) reading out a letter to Gandhi from the <a title="Viceroy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy">viceroy</a> at Birla House, Bombay, 7 April 1939</p>
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<p>The government, represented by <a title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax">Lord Edward Irwin</a>, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The <a title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. Also as a result of the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, because it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Furthermore, Lord Irwin&#8217;s successor, <a title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon">Lord Willingdon</a>, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. But this tactic failed.</p>
<p>In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader <a title="B. R. Ambedkar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six-day fast in September 1932. The resulting public outcry successfully forced the government to adopt an equitable arrangement through negotiations mediated by <a title="Palwankar Baloo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palwankar_Baloo">Palwankar Baloo</a>. This was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God.</p>
<p>On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement. This new campaign was not universally embraced within the <a title="Dalit (outcaste)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_(outcaste)">Dalit</a> community, as prominent leader <a title="B. R. Ambedkar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> condemned Gandhi&#8217;s use of the term <em>Harijans</em> as saying that Dalits were socially immature, and that privileged caste Indians played a paternalistic role. Ambedkar and his allies also felt Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Gandhi had also refused to support the untouchables in 1924–25 when they were campaigning for the right to pray in temples. Because of Gandhi&#8217;s actions, Ambedkar described him as &#8220;devious and untrustworthy&#8221;. Gandhi, although born into the <a title="Vaishya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishya">Vaishya</a> caste, insisted that he was able to speak on behalf of Dalits, despite the presence of Dalit activists such as Ambedkar.</p>
<p>In the summer of 1934, three attempts were made on Gandhi&#8217;s life.</p>
<p>When the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi resigned from party membership. He did not disagree with the party&#8217;s move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party&#8217;s membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.</p>
<p>Gandhi returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India&#8217;s future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with <a title="Subhas Chandra Bose" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, who had been elected president in 1938, and who had previously expressed a lack of faith in non-violence as a means of protest. Despite Gandhi&#8217;s opposition, Bose won a second term as Congress President, but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.</p>
<h3>World War II and <em>Quit India</em></h3>
<div>Main articles: <a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> and <a title="Quit India Movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement">Quit India Movement</a></div>
<p>Gandhi initially favoured offering &#8220;non-violent moral support&#8221; to the British effort when <a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, but the Congressional leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India in the war without consultation of the people&#8217;s representatives. All Congressmen resigned from office. After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom was denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for the British to <em><a title="Quit India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India">Quit India</a></em> in a speech at<a title="Gowalia Tank Maidan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowalia_Tank_Maidan">Gowalia Tank Maidan</a>. This was Gandhi&#8217;s and the Congress Party&#8217;s most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India.</p>
<p>Gandhi was criticised by some Congress party members and other Indian political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that not supporting Britain more in its struggle against Nazi Germany was unethical. Others felt that Gandhi&#8217;s refusal for India to participate in the war was insufficient and more direct opposition should be taken, while Britain fought against Nazism yet continued to contradict itself by refusing to grant India Independence. <em>Quit India</em> became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the <em>&#8220;ordered anarchy&#8221;</em> around him was <em>&#8220;worse than real anarchy.&#8221;</em> He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via <a title="Ahimsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, and <em>Karo Ya Maro</em> (&#8220;Do or Die&#8221;) in the cause of ultimate freedom.</p>
<p>Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in <a title="Bombay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay">Bombay</a> by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the <a title="Aga Khan Palace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a> in <a title="Pune" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune">Pune</a>. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50-year old secretary <a title="Mahadev Desai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Desai">Mahadev Desai</a> died of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment on 22 February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe <a title="Malaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria">malaria</a> attack. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. He came out of detention to an altered political scene—the <a title="All-India Muslim League" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League">Muslim League</a> for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, &#8220;now occupied the centre of the political stage&#8221; and the topic of <a title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Jinnah</a>&#8217;s campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi met Jinnah in September 1944 in Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on the grounds that it fell short of a fully independent Pakistan, his proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to opt out of substantial parts of the forthcoming political union.</p>
<p>Although the Quit India movement had moderate success in its objective, the ruthless suppression of the movement brought order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress&#8217;s leadership.</p>
<h2>Partition of India</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="Partition of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India">Partition of India</a></div>
<p>While the <a title="Indian National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and Gandhi called for the <a title="British Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire">British</a> to <a title="Quit India Movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement">quit India</a>, the <a title="All-India Muslim League" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League">Muslim League</a> passed a resolution for them to divide and quit, in 1943. Gandhi is believed to have been opposed to the partition during independence and suggested an agreement which required the Congress and Muslim League to cooperate and attain independence under a provisional government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority. When <a title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Jinnah</a> called for <a title="Direct Action Day" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day">Direct Action</a>, on 16 August 1946, Gandhi was infuriated and visited the most riot prone areas to stop the massacres, personally. He made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians and struggled for the emancipation of the &#8220;<a title="Untouchability" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability">untouchables</a>&#8221; in Hindu society.</p>
<p>On the 14 and 15 August 1947 the <a title="Indian Independence Act 1947" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947">Indian Independence Act</a> was invoked. In border areas people moved from one side to another and upwards of a half million were killed in riots.  But for his teachings, the efforts of his followers, and his own presence, there would have been much more bloodshed during the partition, according to prominent Norwegian historian, <a title="Jens Arup Seip" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Arup_Seip">Jens Arup Seip</a>.</p>
<p><a title="Stanley Wolpert" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a> has argued, The &#8220;plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi&#8230;who realised too late that his closest comrades and disciples were more interested in power than principle, and that his own vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the struggle he led for India&#8217;s freedom was a nonviolent one.&#8221;</p>
<h2>Assassination</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi">Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a></div>
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<p><a title="Raj Ghat and other memorials" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_other_memorials">Raj Ghat</a>, <a title="Delhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi">Delhi</a> is a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi that marks the spot of his cremation</p>
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<p>On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, <a title="Nathuram Godse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist <a title="Hindu Mahasabha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Godse and his co-conspirator <a title="Narayan Apte" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Apte">Narayan Apte</a> were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Gandhi&#8217;s memorial (or<em>Samādhi</em>) at <a title="Raj Ghat and other memorials" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_other_memorials">Rāj Ghāt</a>, New Delhi, bears the epigraph &#8220;Hē Ram&#8221;, (<a title="Devanagari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <em>हे ! राम</em> or, <em>He <a title="Rama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama">Rām</a></em>), which may be translated as &#8220;Oh God&#8221;. These are widely believed to be Gandhi&#8217;s last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed. <a title="Jawaharlal Nehru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> addressed the nation through radio:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.&#8221;—<a title="Jawaharlal Nehru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>&#8217;s <a title="s:The Light Has Gone Out" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Light_Has_Gone_Out">address to Gandhi</a></p>
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<p>Gandhi&#8217;s death was mourned nationwide. Over 2 million people joined the 5 mile long funeral procession that took over 5 hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla house, were he was assassinated. Gandhi&#8217;s body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of his body. The engine of the vehicle was not used, instead 4 drag-ropes manned by 50 people each pulled the vehicle. All Indian owned establishments in London remained closed in mourning as Indians from all over Britain converged at<a title="India House" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_House">India House</a> in London.</p>
<p>Khan argues that Gandhi&#8217;s death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state. With Nehru in charge, the government made sure everyone knew the guilty party was not a Muslim. Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr&#8217;s ashes—as millions participated and hundreds of millions watched. The goal was to assert the power of the government and legitimize the Congress Party&#8217;s control. This move built upon the massive outpouring of Hindu expressions of grief. The government suppressed the <a title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh">RSS</a>, the Muslim National Guards, and the <a title="Khaksars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaksars">Khaksars</a>, with some 200,000 arrests. Gandhi&#8217;s death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and made more understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people.</p>
<h3>Ashes</h3>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. Most were immersed at the <a title="Sangam at Allahabad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_at_Allahabad">Sangam at Allahabad</a> on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>In 1997, <a title="Tushar Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi">Tushar Gandhi</a> immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad. Some of Gandhi&#8217;s ashes were scattered at the source of the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at <a title="Girgaum Chowpatty" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a> by the family after a Dubai-based businessman had sent it to a <a title="Mumbai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai">Mumbai</a> museum.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>Another urn has ended up in a palace of the <a title="Aga Khan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan">Aga Khan</a> in <a title="Pune" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune">Pune</a> (where he had been imprisoned from 1942 to 1944) and another in the<a title="Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship_Lake_Shrine">Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine</a> in Los Angeles. The family is aware that these enshrined ashes could be misused for political purposes, but does not want to have them removed because it would entail breaking the shrines.</p>
<h3>Mystery of Gandhi&#8217;s two watches</h3>
<p>After the death of <a title="Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, shot dead by <a title="Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu">hindu</a> fanatic, <a title="Nathuram Godse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, two museums were dedicated to his life at Birla House and another at Gandhi museum close to <a title="Rajghat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajghat">Rajghat</a>. Both museums exhibit two different watches which stopped at his time of death, which Gandhi was said to be wearing, when he was killed. The watch exhibited at Birla House points to 17 minutes past five, while the watch displayed at Gandhi museum points to 12 minutes past five.</p>
<h2>Principles, practices and beliefs</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="Gandhism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism">Gandhism</a></div>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s ethical thinking was heavily influenced by a handful of books, which he repeatedly meditated upon. They included especially Plato&#8217;s <a title="Apology (Plato)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_(Plato)"><em>Apology</em></a>, (which he translated into his native Gujarati);<a title="William Mackintire Salter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mackintire_Salter">William Salter&#8217;s</a> <em>Ethical Religion</em> (1889); Henry David Thoreau&#8217;s <a title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)"><em>On the Duty of Civil Disobedience</em></a> (1847); Leo Tolstoy&#8217;s <em><a title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></em> (1893) (in which he first discovered the doctrine of non-violence and love); and John Ruskin&#8217;s <em><a title="Unto this Last" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unto_this_Last">Unto this Last</a></em> (1862), which he also translated into Gujarati . Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa.</p>
<p>Gokhale argues that Gandhi took his philosophy of history from Hinduism and Jainism, supplemented by selected Christian traditions and ideas of Tolstoy and Ruskin. Hinduism provided central concepts of God&#8217;s role in history, of man as the battleground of forces of virtue and sin, and of the potential of love as an historical force. From Jainism, Gandhi took the idea of applying nonviolence to human situations and the theory that Absolute Reality can be comprehended only relatively in human affairs.</p>
<p>Spodek argues for the importance of the culture of Gujarat in shaping his methods. He finds that some of Gandhi&#8217;s most effective methods such as fasting, noncooperation and appeals to the justice and compassion of the rulers were learned as a youth in Gujarat. Later on, the financial, cultural, organizational and geographical support needed to bring his campaigns to a national audience were drawn from Ahmedabad and Gujarat, his Indian residence 1915–1930.</p>
<h3>Tolstoy</h3>
<p>In 1908 Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) wrote <em><a title="A Letter to a Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>,</em> which said that only by using love as a weapon through <a title="Passive resistance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_resistance">passive resistance</a> could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish <em>A Letter to a Hindu</em> in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy&#8217;s death in 1910. The letters concern practical and theological applications of non-violence. Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to compromise. It was at Tolstoy Farm where Gandhi and <a title="Hermann Kallenbach" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a> (1871–1945) systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence.</p>
<h3>Truth and Satyagraha</h3>
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<p>&#8220;God is truth. The way to truth lies through <a title="Ahimsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence)&#8221;—<a title="Sabarmati" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati">Sabarmati</a>13 March 1927</p>
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<p>Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering <a title="Truth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth">truth</a>, or <em><a title="Satya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya">Satya</a></em>. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography <em><a title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></em>.</p>
<p>Watson argues that Gandhi based satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realization, and notes it also contains Jain and Buddhist notions of nonviolence, vegetarianism, the avoidance of killing, and &#8216;agape&#8217; (universal love). Gandhi also borrowed Christian-Islamic ideas of equality, the brotherhood of man, and the concept of turning the other cheek.</p>
<p>Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said &#8220;God is Truth&#8221;. He would later change this statement to &#8220;Truth is God&#8221;. Thus, <em>Satya</em> (Truth) in Gandhi&#8217;s philosophy is &#8220;God&#8221;.</p>
<p>The essence of <a title="Satyagraha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> (lit. &#8216;insistence/holding of truth&#8217;) is that it seeks to eliminate antagonisms without harming the antagonists themselves and seeks to transform or “purify” it to a higher level. A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a “silent force” or a “soul force” (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his famous “<a title="I Have a Dream" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream">I Have a Dream</a>” speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a “universal force,” as it essentially “makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe.” Gandiji wrote: “There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one&#8217;s cause.” <a title="Civil disobedience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience">Civil disobedience</a> and <a title="Civil disobedience" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience">non-cooperation</a> as practised under Satyagraha are based on the “law of <a title="Suffering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering">suffering</a>”,<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>a doctrine that <em>the endurance of suffering is a means to an end</em>. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-cooperation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the cooperation of the opponent consistently with <a title="Truth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth">truth</a> and <a title="Justice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice">justice</a>.</p>
<h3>Nonviolence</h3>
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<p>Gandhi with textile workers at <a title="Darwen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwen">Darwen</a>, Lancashire, 26 September 1931.</p>
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<p>Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale. The concept of<a title="Nonviolence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> (<em><a title="Ahimsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></em>) and <a title="Nonresistance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography <em><a title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></em>. Some of his remarks were widely quoted, such as &#8220;An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.&#8221; &#8221;There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for.&#8221;</p>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Nazi Germany, and later when the Holocaust was revealed. He told the British people in 1940, &#8220;I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions&#8230; If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them.&#8221;</p>
<p>In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, &#8220;Hitler killed five million Jews. It is the greatest crime of our time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher’s knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs&#8230; It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany&#8230; As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions.&#8221;</p>
<p>However, Gandhi realised that this level of nonviolence required incredible faith and courage, which he believed everyone did not possess. He therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially if it were used as a cover for cowardice, saying, &#8220;where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.&#8221;</p>
<h3>Vegetarianism and fasting</h3>
<p>Hay argues that Gandhi in London looked into numerous religious and intellectual currents. He especially appreciated how the theosophical movement encouraged a religious eclecticism and an antipathy to atheism. Hay says the vegetarian movement had the greatest impact for it was Gandhi&#8217;s point of entry into other reformist agendas of the time.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in Hindu and Jain traditions in India, especially in his native Gujarat. Gandhi was close to the chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr. Josiah Oldfield, and corresponded with <a title="Henry Stephens Salt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a>, a vegetarian campaigner. Gandhi became a strict <a title="Lacto vegetarianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>. He wrote the book <em>The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism</em> and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society&#8217;s publication.</p>
<p>Gandhi used <a title="Fasting" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting">fasting</a> as a political device, often threatening suicide unless demands were met. Gandhi noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism was the beginning of his deep commitment to<a title="Brahmacharya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>; without total control of the palate, his success in Bramacharya would likely falter. &#8220;You wish to know what the marks of a man are who wants to realize Truth which is God,&#8221; he wrote. &#8220;He must reduce himself to zero and have perfect control over all his senses-beginning with the palate or tongue.&#8221;</p>
<p>Congress publicized the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. In response the government tried to manipulate news coverage to minimize his challenge to the Raj. He fasted in 1932 to protest the voting scheme for separate political representation for Dalits; Gandhi did not want them segregated. The government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. Gandhi&#8217;s 1943 hunger strike took place during a two-year prison term for the anticolonial Quit India movement. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. However his final fast in 1948, after India was independent, was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos.</p>
<p>Alter argues that Gandhi&#8217;s fixation on diet and celibacy were much deeper than exercises in self-discipline. Rather, his beliefs regarding health offered a critique of both the traditional Hindu system of ayurvedic medicine and Western concepts. This challenge was integral to his deeper challenge to tradition and modernity, as health and nonviolence became part of the same ethics.</p>
<h3>Celibacy</h3>
<p>A core Gandhian value that came in for much bantering and ribald criticism in the west was his celebacy and his experiments in &#8220;brahmacharya&#8221; or the elimination of all desire. In 1906 Gandhi, although married and a father, vowed to abstain from sexual relations. In the 1940s, in his mid-seventies, he brought his grandniece Manubehn to sleep naked in his bed as part of a spiritual experiment in which Gandhi could test himself as a &#8220;brahmachari.&#8221; Two other women also sometimes shared his bed. Gandhi discussed his experiment with friends and relations, and the experiment ceased in 1947.</p>
<h3>Nai Talim, Basic Education</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Nai Talim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nai_Talim">Nai Talim</a></div>
<p><em>Nai Talim</em> is a spiritual principle which states that knowledge and work are not separate. Gandhi promoted an educational curriculum with the same name based on this pedagogical principle.</p>
<p>It can be translated with the phrase &#8216;Basic Education for all&#8217;.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>However, the concept has several layers of meaning. It developed out of Gandhi&#8217;s experience with the English educational system and with colonialism in general. In that system, he saw that Indian children would be alienated and &#8216;career-based thinking&#8217; would become dominant. In addition, it embodied a series of negative outcomes: the disdain for <a title="Manual work" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_work">manual work</a>, the development of a new elite class, and the increasing problems of industrialisation and urbanisation.</p>
<p>The three pillars of Gandhi&#8217;s pedagogy were its focus on the <em>life-long character</em> of education, its <em>social character</em> and its form as a <em>holistic process</em>. For Gandhi, education is &#8216;the moral development of the person&#8217;, a process that is by definition &#8216;life-long&#8217;.</p>
<h3>Swaraj, Self-Rule</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Swaraj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj">Swaraj</a></div>
<p>Rudolph argues that after a false start in trying to emulate the English in an attempt to overcome his timidity, Gandhi discovered the inner courage he was seeking by helping his countrymen in South Africa. The new courage consisted of observing the traditional Bengali way of &#8220;self-suffering&#8221; and, in finding his own courage, he was enabled also to point out the way of &#8217;satyagraha&#8217; and &#8216;ahimsa&#8217; to the whole of India.</p>
<p>Gandhi was a self-described <a title="Philosophical anarchism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism">philosophical anarchist</a>, and his vision of India meant an India without an underlying government. He once said that &#8220;the ideally nonviolent state would be an ordered anarchy.&#8221; While political systems are largely hierarchical, with each layer of authority from the individual to the central government have increasing levels of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society should be the exact opposite, where nothing is done without the consent of anyone, down to the individual. His idea was that true <a title="Swaraj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj">self-rule</a> in a country means that every person rules his or herself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people. This would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict mediation, as power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence. Rather than a system where rights are enforced by a higher authority, people are self-governed by mutual responsibilities. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, &#8220;in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties.&#8221;A free India for him meant the existence of thousands of self-sufficient small communities (an idea possibly from <a title="Leo Tolstoy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>) who rule themselves without hindering others. It did not mean merely transferring a British established administrative structure into Indian hands which he said was just <em>making Hindustan into Englistan</em>.He wanted to ultimately dissolve the Congress Party after independence and establish a system of <a title="Direct democracy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy">direct democracy</a> in India, having no faith in the British styled parliamentary system.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Chapter-113">[114]</a></sup></p>
<h2>Literary works</h2>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_India.png"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Young_India.png/170px-Young_India.png" alt="" width="170" height="235" /></a>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_India.png"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p><em>Young India</em>, a journal published by Gandhi</p>
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<p>Gandhi was a prolific writer. One of Gandhis earliest publications, <em>Hind Swaraj</em> published in Gujarati in 1909 is recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India&#8217;s freedom movement. The book was translated into english the next year, with a copyright legend that read “No Rights Reserved”. For decades he edited several newspapers including <em><a title="Harijan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harijan">Harijan</a></em> in Gujarati, in <a title="Hindi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi">Hindi</a> and in the English language; <em><a title="Indian Opinion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></em> while in South Africa and, <em><a title="Young India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_India">Young India</a></em>, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.</p>
<p>Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, <em><a title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth">An Autobiography of My Experiments with Truth</a> ((Gujarātī &#8220;સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા&#8221;))</em>, of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted. His other autobiographies included: <em>Satyagraha in South Africa</em> about his struggle there, <em><a title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule">Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule</a></em>, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of <a title="John Ruskin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>&#8217;s <em><a title="Unto This Last" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unto_This_Last">Unto This Last</a></em>. This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.</p>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s complete works were published by the Indian government under the name <em><a title="s:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi">The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</a></em> in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as Gandhian followers argue that the government incorporated the changes for political purposes.<sup>[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></em>]</sup>The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition.</p>
<h2>Legacy and depictions in popular culture</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="List of artistic depictions of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi">List of artistic depictions of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Gandhi.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tagore_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Tagore_Gandhi.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="196" /></a>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Gandhi.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Gandhi with <a title="Rabindranath Tagore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, 1940</p>
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<p>The word <em><a title="Mahatma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma">Mahatma</a></em>, while often mistaken for Gandhi&#8217;s given name in the West, is taken from the <a title="Sanskrit language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language">Sanskrit</a> words <em>maha</em> (meaning <em>Great</em>) and <em>atma</em> (meaning<em>Soul</em>). <a title="Rabindranath Tagore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> is said to have accorded the title to Gandhi. In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never valued the title, and was often pained by it.</p>
<h3>Followers and international influence</h3>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USSR_stamp_M.Gandi_1969_6k.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/USSR_stamp_M.Gandi_1969_6k.jpg/170px-USSR_stamp_M.Gandi_1969_6k.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="238" /></a>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USSR_stamp_M.Gandi_1969_6k.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi on a 1969 postage stamp of the <a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a>.</p>
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<p>Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the <a title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)">civil rights movement</a> in the United States, including <a title="Martin Luther King" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King">Martin Luther King</a> and <a title="James Lawson (American activist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)">James Lawson</a>, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. Anti-<a title="History of South Africa in the Apartheid Era" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_Apartheid_Era">apartheid</a> activist and former President of South Africa, <a title="Nelson Mandela" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, was inspired by Gandhi. Others include <a title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-125">[126]</a></sup> <a title="Steve Biko" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Biko">Steve Biko</a>, <a title="Aung San Suu Kyi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, and <a title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_Jr.">Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a>(the Philippine opposition leader during the dictatorship of <a title="Ferdinand Marcos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and father of current Philippine president<a title="Benigno Aquino III" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III">Benigno Aquino III</a>).</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics.&#8221;—<a title="Martin Luther King Jr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr">Martin Luther King Jr</a>, 1955</p>
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<p>In his early years, the former <a title="President of South Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa">President of South Africa</a> <a title="Nelson Mandela" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was a follower of the non-violent resistance philosophy of Gandhi. Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as &#8220;Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. This legacy connects him to <a title="Nelson Mandela" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>&#8230;in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started.&#8221;</p>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi&#8217;s ideas. In Europe,<a title="Romain Rolland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book <em>Mahatma Gandhi,</em> and Brazilian anarchist and feminist <a title="Maria Lacerda de Moura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a> wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, notable European physicist <a title="Albert Einstein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him &#8220;a role model for the generations to come&#8221; in a later writing about him. <a title="Lanza del Vasto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a> went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi&#8217;s philosophy and founded the <a title="Community of the Ark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_the_Ark">Community of the Ark</a> in 1948 (modelled after Gandhi&#8217;s ashrams). <a title="Madeleine Slade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Slade">Madeleine Slade</a> (known as &#8220;Mirabehn&#8221;) was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi.</p>
<p>In addition, the British musician <a title="John Lennon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon">John Lennon</a> referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on non-violence. At the <a title="Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Advertising_Festival">Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival</a> in 2007, former U.S. Vice-President and environmentalist <a title="Al Gore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore">Al Gore</a> spoke of Gandhi&#8217;s influence on him.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Al_Gore-132">[133]</a></sup></p>
<p>President of the United States <a title="Barack Obama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a> in an address to a Joint Session of the <a title="Parliament of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India">Parliament of India</a> said that:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">America</a> and the world.&#8221;—<a title="Barack Obama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a> in an address to a Joint Session of the <a title="Parliament of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India">Parliament of India</a>, 2010</p>
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<p>Obama at the Wakefield High School speech in Sept 2009, said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question &#8216;Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?&#8217;. He continued that &#8220;He&#8217;s somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics.&#8221; The <a title="Mahatma Gandhi District" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_District">Mahatma Gandhi District</a> in <a title="Houston" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, United States, an ethnic Indian enclave, is named after Gandhi. The district officially received its named on 16 January 2010 when the City of Houston held a naming ceremony.</p>
<h3>Global holidays</h3>
<p>On 15 June 2007, it was announced that the &#8220;<a title="United Nations General Assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>&#8221; has &#8220;unanimously adopted&#8221; a resolution declaring 2 October as &#8220;the <a title="International Day of Non-Violence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a>.&#8221; First proposed by UNESCO in 1948, as the School Day of Non-violence and Peace (DENIP in Spanish), 30 January of every year is observed the <a title="School Day of Non-violence and Peace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Day_of_Non-violence_and_Peace">School Day of Non-violence and Peace</a> in schools of many countries In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it can be observed on 30 March.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-DENIP-138">[139]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Awards</h3>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandi_bista_Novi_Beograd.JPG"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gandi_bista_Novi_Beograd.JPG/170px-Gandi_bista_Novi_Beograd.JPG" alt="" width="170" height="227" /></a>
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<p>Monument to Mahatma Gandhi in <a title="New Belgrade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Belgrade">New Belgrade</a>, Serbia. On the monument is written &#8220;Non-violence is the essence of all religions&#8221;.</p>
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<p><em><a title="Time (magazine)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time magazine</a></em> named Gandhi the <a title="Time Magazine Person of the Year" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year">Man of the Year</a> in 1930. Gandhi was also the runner-up to <a title="Albert Einstein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> as &#8220;<a title="Person of the Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Century">Person of the Century</a>&#8220; at the end of 1999. Einstein said of Gandhi:</p>
<blockquote><p>Mahatma Gandhi&#8217;s life achievement stands unique in political history. He has invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilized world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces. Because lasting will only be the work of such statesmen who wake up and strengthen the moral power of their people through their example and educational works. We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the generations to come.</p>
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<p><em>Time Magazine</em> named <a title="14th Dalai Lama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama">The 14th Dalai Lama</a>, <a title="Lech Wałęsa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, <a title="Martin Luther King" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King">Martin Luther King</a>, <a title="Cesar Chavez" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a>, <a title="Aung San Suu Kyi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <a title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_Jr.">Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a>, <a title="Desmond Tutu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, and <a title="Nelson Mandela" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> as <em>Children of Gandhi</em> and his spiritual heirs to non-violence. The <a title="Government of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India">Government of India</a> awards the annual <a title="Gandhi Peace Prize" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a> to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. <a title="Nelson Mandela" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, the leader of South Africa&#8217;s struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2011, <em>Time</em> magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time.</p>
<p>Gandhi never received the <a title="Nobel Peace Prize" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the <a title="American Friends Service Committee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947. Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. Gandhi was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that &#8220;there was no suitable living candidate&#8221; and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi. When the <a title="14th Dalai Lama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was &#8220;in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi.&#8221;</p>
<h3>Film and literature</h3>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in film, literature, and in the theatre. <a title="Ben Kingsley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> portrayed Gandhi in the 1982 film <em><a title="Gandhi (film)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_(film)">Gandhi</a></em>, which won the <a title="Academy Award" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award">Academy Award</a> for Best Picture. Gandhi is also a central theme in the 2006 <a title="Bollywood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <em><a title="Lage Raho Munna Bhai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lage_Raho_Munna_Bhai">Lage Raho Munna Bhai</a>.</em> The 2007 film, <em><a title="Gandhi, My Father" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi,_My_Father">Gandhi, My Father</a></em> explores the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 1996 film, <em><a title="The Making of the Mahatma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Mahatma">The Making of the Mahatma</a></em>, documents Gandhi&#8217;s time in South Africa and his transformation from an inexperienced barrister to recognised political leader.</p>
<p>Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi&#8217;s life. Among them are: D. G. Tendulkar with his <em>Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</em> in eight volumes, and <a title="Pyarelal Nayyar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyarelal_Nayyar">Pyarelal</a> and<a title="Sushila Nayyar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushila_Nayyar">Sushila Nayyar</a> with their <em>Mahatma Gandhi</em> in 10 volumes. There is also another documentary, titled <a title="Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma:_Life_of_Gandhi,_1869%E2%80%931948">Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948</a>, which is 14 chapters and 6 hours long.</p>
<p>The April 2010 biography, <a title="Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soul:_Mahatma_Gandhi_and_His_Struggle_With_India">Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India</a> by <a title="Joseph Lelyveld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> contained controversial material speculating about Gandhi&#8217;s sexual life. Because of this material, the book was banned in the Indian state of Gujarat, his birthplace.</p>
<p>Lelyveld, however, stated that the press coverage &#8220;grossly distort[s]&#8221; the overall message of the book.</p>
<h3>Current impact within India</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg/170px-Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="115" /></a>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>The Gandhi Mandapam<a title="Kanyakumari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>India, with its rapid economic modernization and urbanization, has rejected Gandhi&#8217;s economics but accepted much of his politics and contuinues to revere his memory. Reporter Jim Yardley notes that, &#8220;modern India is hardly a Gandhian nation, if it ever was one. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power.&#8221; By contrast he is &#8220;given full credit for India’s political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy.&#8221;</p>
<p>Gandhi&#8217;s birthday, 2 October, is a <a title="National holiday in India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_holiday_in_India">national holiday in India</a>, <a title="Gandhi Jayanti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>. Gandhi&#8217;s image also appears on <a title="Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series_(banknotes)">paper currency of all denominations</a> issued by India, except for the one rupee note. Gandh&#8217;s date of passing away is commemorated as <a title="Martyrs' Day (India)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)">Martyrs&#8217; Day</a> in India.</p>
<p>There are two temples in India dedicated to Gandhi. One is located at <a title="Sambalpur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a> in Orissa and the other at Nidaghatta village near Kadur in <a title="Chikmagalur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikmagalur">Chikmagalur</a> district of<a title="Karnataka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</p>
<p>The Gandhi Memorial in <a title="Kanyakumari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> resembles central Indian Hindu temples in formThe <a title="Tamukkam Palace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamukkam_Palace">Tamukkam or Summer Palace</a> in <a title="Madurai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai">Madurai</a> now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum.</p>
<div>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp">Gandhi Smriti — Government of India website</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/">Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum &amp; Library</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>Shrink Your Brain Wreck The Planet by Joel Bomane</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/shrink-your-brain-wreck-the-planet-by-joel-bomane/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 15:18:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#1: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”
&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#2: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”
The Brain Odyssey:


Uncertain times? Global financial collapse? Political unrest?&#8230;
* Ever since his &#8220;Enlightening Meeting&#8221; in the early 90&#8217;s with famed neurosurgeon Dr. Benjamin Carson (the first to separate a pair of Siamese twins) Joel Bomane has been exploring [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-1-1"><strong>&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221;</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Resources for Show#1: </strong><strong>“Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”</strong></a></div>
<div><strong><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/02/03/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-2">&#8220;BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES&#8221; Resources for Show#2: “Shrink your Brain, Wreck the Planet.”</a></strong></div>
<div><strong>T</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;">he Brain </span><a class="zem_slink" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Odyssey" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey">Odyssey</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span></div>
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<p><strong>U</strong>ncertain times? Global financial collapse? Political unrest?&#8230;</p>
<div><strong>* </strong><em>Ever since his <strong>&#8220;Enlightening Meeting&#8221;</strong> in the early 90&#8217;s with<strong> </strong><strong>famed neurosurgeon Dr. <a class="zem_slink" title="Ben Carson" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson">Benjamin Carson</a></strong><strong> (the first to separate a pair of <a class="zem_slink" title="Conjoined twins" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins">Siamese twins</a>) </strong><strong>Joel Bomane </strong>has been exploring with great passion &#8211; self taught <strong>- &#8220;</strong><strong>The Role of the Brain in Human History</strong></em><strong>.&#8221; *</strong></div>
<div><strong><br /></strong></div>
<div id="cke_pastebin" style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>* Please come and Listen weekly ( every Thursdays 8:00 P.M <a class="zem_slink" title="Central Time Zone (North America)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_%28North_America%29">Central TIME</a>) to the</strong>:</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>&#8220;Brain Odyssey&#8221; Series!</strong></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;"><strong>Note</strong>: <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="French language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a> Version=Version Francaise: </strong><strong>9:00 P.M CST on Thursdays.</strong></div>
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<div><strong><a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain--wreck-the-planet-part-1-1">http://www.blogtalkradio.com/voaradio/2012/01/27/shrink-your-brain&#8211;wreck-the-planet-part-1-1</a></strong></div>
<div><strong><a href="http://mentorsharbor.com/">http://www.mentorsharbor.com/</a></strong></div>
<div><strong><br /></strong></div>
<div><a href="http://joelbomane.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The_Scale_of_the_Universe.swf"><strong>The_Scale_of_the_Universe</strong></a></div>
<p><em><a class="zem_slink" title="Lorenzo di Credi" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi">Credi</a></em><span style="font-style: italic;">t to </span><em><a class="zem_slink" title="Cary, North Carolina" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.7788888889,-78.8002777778&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=35.7788888889,-78.8002777778 (Cary%2C%20North%20Carolina)&amp;t=h">Cary</a> </em><span style="font-style: italic;">and </span><em>Michael Huang:</em><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.htwins.net/scale/"> http://htwins.net</a></p>
<div><em>Note: <strong>Zoom from the edge of the universe</strong> to the <a class="zem_slink" title="Quantum foam" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foam">quantum foam</a> of spacetime and learn the scale of things along the way!
<p><strong>Press <em>left</em> or <em>right</em> or drag the scroll bar to zoom</strong> in and out.</p>
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<p><a tabindex="-1" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains.html#">About This Talk</a>:</p>
<h1>Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains</h1>
</div>
<div>Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert starts from a  surprising premise: the brain evolved, not to think or feel, but to  control movement. In this entertaining, data-rich talk he gives us a  glimpse into how the brain creates the grace and agility of human  motion.</div>
<div><strong>Translated into French</strong> (<a class="zem_slink" title="France" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.8566666667,2.35083333333&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=48.8566666667,2.35083333333 (France)&amp;t=h">France</a>)<br /> by <a id="translatorLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/528388" target="_blank">Amélie Gourdon</a><br /><strong>Reviewed</strong> by <a id="reviewerLink" href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/41684" target="_blank">Joel Bomane</a></div>
<div>
<p><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="526" height="374" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="wmode" value="transparent" /><param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff" /><param name="flashvars" value="vu=http://video.ted.com/talk/stream/2011G/Blank/DanielWolpert_2011G-320k.mp4&amp;su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/DanielWolpert_2011G-embed.jpg&amp;vw=512&amp;vh=288&amp;ap=0&amp;ti=1261&amp;lang=fr&amp;introDuration=15330&amp;adDuration=4000&amp;postAdDuration=830&amp;adKeys=talk=daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains;year=2011;theme=how_the_mind_works;theme=evolution_s_genius;event=TEDGlobal+2011;tag=Science;tag=biology;tag=brain;tag=evolution;tag=neurology;&amp;preAdTag=tconf.ted/embed;tile=1;sz=512x288;" /><param name="src" value="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="526" height="374" src="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf" flashvars="vu=http://video.ted.com/talk/stream/2011G/Blank/DanielWolpert_2011G-320k.mp4&amp;su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/DanielWolpert_2011G-embed.jpg&amp;vw=512&amp;vh=288&amp;ap=0&amp;ti=1261&amp;lang=fr&amp;introDuration=15330&amp;adDuration=4000&amp;postAdDuration=830&amp;adKeys=talk=daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains;year=2011;theme=how_the_mind_works;theme=evolution_s_genius;event=TEDGlobal+2011;tag=Science;tag=biology;tag=brain;tag=evolution;tag=neurology;&amp;preAdTag=tconf.ted/embed;tile=1;sz=512x288;" bgcolor="#ffffff" wmode="transparent" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Crisis-Jacques-Attali/dp/2747215482/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318519343&amp;sr=1-2">After the Crisis</a></strong>:  by <a href="http://www.attali.com/en/biographie/biographie-de-jacques-attali"><strong>Jacques Attali</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Steven Pinker" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> on the myth of violence: </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_the_myth_of_violence.html"><strong>http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_the_myth_of_violence.html</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a title="Permanent Link: Detoxify or Die…by Gabriela Segura, M.D." rel="bookmark" href="http://www.joelbomane.com/detoxify-or-die-by-gabriela-segura-m-d/">Detoxify or Die…</a>by Gabriela Segura, M.D.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/Course_Detail.aspx?cid=8050"><strong>Big History: The Big Bang, Life on Earth, and the Rise of Humanity</strong></a> (paid course)</p>
<p>Taught by<strong> Professor  <a title="David Christian (historian)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christian_%28historian%29">David Christian</a></strong>, <a title="Doctor of Philosophy" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy">D. Phil</a>., <a title="University of Oxford" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.7611,-1.2534&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=51.7611,-1.2534%20%28University%20of%20Oxford%29&amp;t=h">Oxford University</a>, <a title="Macquarie University" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-33.7752777778,151.113888889&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=-33.7752777778,151.113888889%20%28Macquarie%20University%29&amp;t=h">Macquarie University</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Think-Grow-Rich-Napoleon-Hill/dp/1612930298/ref=sr_1_sc_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318520694&amp;sr=1-1-spell"><strong>Think and Grow Rich</strong></a> by<strong> <a title="Napoleon Hill" rel="homepage" href="http://naphill.org/">Napoleon Hill</a> </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Outwitting-Devil-Secret-Freedom-Success/dp/1402784538/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1318520532&amp;sr=8-2-fkmr0"><strong>Outwitting the Devil: The Secret to Freedom and Success</strong></a></p>
<p><strong>Napoleon Hill (Author), <a title="Sharon Lechter" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lechter">Sharon L. Lechter</a> CPA (Editor), Michael Bernard Beckwith (Afterword), <a title="Mark Victor Hansen" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Victor_Hansen">Mark Victor Hansen</a> (Foreword)</strong></p>
<p> </p>
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<p><strong>ABOUT WATER CRISIS? SINCE WE ARE IN THE BRAIN ODYSSEY SERIES…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Did YOU know that </strong><strong>your brain is 85% water?</strong></p>
<p>and that it needs plenty of liquids to keep it from becoming  dehydrated, something that can decrease your thinking and impair your  judgment. And also…two of the best and cheapest beverages you can drink  are skim milk and water. Skim milk is low in fat and high in protein and  calcium, and fortified with vitamins A and D that can provide you with a  nutritional punch.</p>
<p>Again water is one of the best things for your brain and body health.  Fortunately, you don&#8217;t need to buy pricey bottled water. With a water  filter that fits on your kitchen faucet, you can drink from the tape and  get healthy, filtered water that will keep your brain and body hydrated  for optimal performance. And You WANT  a more flavorful beverage, fill  up a jug with filtered water, add a few orange slices, and keep it in  the refrigerator for easy access.</p>
<p><strong>WE SAID THERE IS A FOOD AND FOOD PRICE CRISIS:</strong></p>
<p>There is an interesting story about Dr. Amen, a physician, child and adult <strong>psychiatrist</strong> who appeared on MSNBC&#8217;s nationally televised forum <em>About Our Children</em>, <strong>hosted by Bill Cosby. Bill</strong> asked him a very intriguing question. They were talking about how  important good nutrition is for optimal brain performance and physical  health when Mr. Cosby asked…:</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;How do we teach poor people to eat right when bad food is so cheap?&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>Dr. Amen with the help of Dr. Jeff Fortuna, the author of Nutrition  for the Focused Brain came up with ….the following 10 tips to help  people living in poverty, as well as those…. who are simply strapped for  cash during these tough economic times, to eat healthier without  spending a fortune.</p>
<p><strong>I’ll summarize the 10 TIPS here:</strong></p>
<p><strong>First of all: Go for Satisfying Grains:</strong> Give your children  oatmeal for breakfast  (make sure it is the old-fashioned kind, not the  instant kind). They are loaded with soluble and insoluble fiber, they  moderate blood sugar for hours, which helps keep you feeling full  longer.</p>
<p><strong>Also, buy Vitamin-Rich Vegetables :</strong> frozen vegetables such as  broccoli, and carrots. The freezing process does remove some of the  vitamin content, but frozen vegetables are still a great source of  brain-boosting, anti-aging, disease-fighting nutrients.</p>
<p><strong>You can boost with Antioxidants such as Apples, Oranges, and Bananas:</strong> Just one orange can provide more than 200 percent of the daily vitamin C  requirement . Eating an orange is so much better for you than drinking  orange juice &#8211; and cheaper.</p>
<p><strong>You should eat Cottage Cheese: </strong>It is a dietary protein that primes dopamine, a brain neurotransmitter that is involved with attention span.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>You can Pump Up Protein with Affordable Eggs :</strong> Eggs are a  great source of protein. If you have high cholesterol, toss the yolks  and just eat the egg whites, the only food source that is a perfect  protein.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Now think about it…there is a way to Fill Up on High-Fiber: Low-Cost Beans: beans are </strong>loaded  with fiber and high in protein, they should be a staple in any  household struggling financially. To be extra economical, choose  uncooked black beans, red beans, lima beans, garbanzo beans, white  beans, or any other variety rather than canned beans which are more  expensive.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Finally…you should Stock Up on Canned Tuna:</strong> Eating fish like  tuna is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to  improve heart health, reduce the risk of dementia and Alzheimer&#8217;s  disease, reduce depression, and lower blood pressure.</p>
<p><strong>SOME FACTS ABOUT YOUR AMAZING BRAIN…</strong></p>
<p>Did you know…</p>
<p>•	The average human brain weights about 3 pounds. Compare that to the brain of a sperm whale brain (17 pounds), dog (2.5 ounces), cat (1 ounce=about 30 grams), and goldfish (1/333 ounce).</p>
<p>•	The human brain may not be the largest of all brains, but it is the biggest when compared to body size.</p>
<p>•	During waking hours, the brain generates between 10 and 23 watts of power—enough to light a light bulb.</p>
<p>•	Information in the brain travels at speeds of up to 268 miles per hour, faster than the racecars in the Indy 500, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down.</p>
<p>•	Your brain is approximately 85% water.</p>
<p>•	Your brain is estimated to have more than 100 billion neurons (also called nerve cells or brain cells), which is about the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.</p>
<p>•	Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to 40,000 individual connections called synapses.</p>
<p>•	Your brain has more connections than there are stars in the universe? 1 followed by 15  ZEROS more than stars in the universe.</p>
<p>•	A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses all “talking” to each other.</p>
<p>•	Sorry FOR THE FACE LIFT INDUSTRY…A wrinkled brain makes you smarter! Yes!  The brain’s wrinkles, and grooves give it more surface area and more processing power.</p>
<p>•	Your brain represents only about 2 percent of your body weight, but it consumes about 25% of the calories you consume, 25% of the total blood flow in your body, and 20% of the oxygen you breathe.</p>
<p>•	The idea that we only use 10% of our brains is a MYTH!  You may not use every neuron in your brain at the same time, but each is important.</p>
<p>•	Your brain doesn’t fully mature until you reach about 25 years of age.</p>
<p>•	Your brain NEVER turns off or even rests, not even while you sleep. Your brain is very active at night, especially during dreaming.</p>
<p>•	And finally contrary to popular belief, your brain never stops changing and can continue to form new neural connections throughout your lifetime.</p>
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		<title>Oskar Schindler</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 09:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[




Oskar Schindler





Born
28 April 1908Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Svitavy,Czech Republic)


Died
9 October 1974 (aged 66)Hildesheim, West Germany


Resting place
Jerusalem, Israel31.770164°N 35.230423°E


Occupation
Industrialist


Political party
National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)


Religion
Catholic


Spouse
Emilie Schindler


Parents
Hans SchindlerFranziska Luser



Oskar Schindler (28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was an ethnic German industrialist born in Moravia. He is credited with saving over 1,100 Jewsduring the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were located [...]]]></description>
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<th colspan="2"><a class="zem_slink" title="Oskar Schindler" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=31.770164,35.230423&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=31.770164,35.230423 (Oskar%20Schindler)&amp;t=h">Oskar Schindler</a></th>
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<td colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar_Schindler.jpg"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" title="Oskar Schindler" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Oskar_Schindler.jpg" alt="Oskar Schindler" width="147" height="237" /></a></td>
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<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>28 April 1908<br /><a title="Svitavy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svitavy">Zwittau</a>, <a title="Moravia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a title="Austria-Hungary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (present-day Svitavy,<a title="Czech Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</td>
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<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>9 October 1974 (aged 66)<br /><a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a title="West Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany">West Germany</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
<td><a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel<br /><img title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" alt="" /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Oskar_Schindler&amp;params=31.770164_N_35.230423_E_type:landmark_region:IL">31.770164°N 35.230423°E</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
<td>Industrialist</td>
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<th scope="row">Political party</th>
<td><a title="National Socialist German Workers Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> (Nazi)</td>
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<th scope="row">Religion</th>
<td><a title="Roman Catholic Church" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church">Catholic</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Spouse</th>
<td><a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie Schindler</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Parents</th>
<td>Hans Schindler<br />Franziska Luser</td>
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<p><strong>Oskar Schindler</strong> (28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was an ethnic German <a title="Industrialist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialist">industrialist</a> born in <a title="Moravia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia">Moravia</a>. He is credited with saving over 1,100<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span><a title="Jew" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew">Jews</a>during <a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by employing them in his <a title="Enamelware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelware">enamelware</a> and <a title="Ammunition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition">ammunitions</a> factories, which were located in what is now Poland and the Czech Republic respectively.<span style="font-size: 11px;"> </span>He is the subject of the novel <em><a title="Schindler's Ark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark">Schindler&#8217;s Ark</a></em>, and the film based on it, <em><a title="Schindler's List" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List">Schindler&#8217;s List</a></em>.</p>
<p>Schindler was born on 28 April 1908 into a <a class="zem_slink" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_%281918%E2%80%931938%29">Sudeten German</a> family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His parents, Hans Schindler and Franziska Luser, were divorced when he was 27. Oskar was always very close to his younger sister, Elfriede. Schindler was brought up within the <a class="zem_slink" title="Catholic Church" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Although he never formally renounced his religion, Oskar was never more than an indifferent Catholic. After school he worked as a commercial salesman.Early life and career</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg/220px-Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="176" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar%26Emilie_1946.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Oskar and Emilie in 1946</p>
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<p>On 6 March 1928, Schindler married <a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie Pelzl</a> (1907–2001), daughter of a wealthy <a title="Sudeten German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German">Sudeten German</a> farmer from <a title="Maletín" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malet%C3%ADn">Maletein</a>. A pious Catholic, Emilie had received most of her education in a nearby <a title="Monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery">monastery</a>. During the<a title="Great Depression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a>, Oskar changed jobs several times. He also tried starting various businesses, but always went bankrupt. He joined the separatist <a title="Sudeten German Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party">Sudeten German Party</a> in 1935. Though officially a citizen of <a title="Czechoslovakia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Schindler also became a spy for the <a title="Abwehr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, then commanded by Admiral <a title="Wilhelm Canaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>.  He was convicted of espionage and imprisoned by the Czechoslovakian government in July 1938, but after the <a title="Munich Agreement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, he was released as a political prisoner. In 1939 Schindler joined the <a title="Nazi Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party">Nazi Party</a>. One source contends that he also continued to work for Canaris and the Abwehr, paving the way for the <a title="Wehrmacht" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>&#8217;s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.</p>
<h2>World War II</h2>
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<th><a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></th>
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<p><a title="Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May, 1944" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" alt="Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May, 1944" width="180" height="135" /></a></p>
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<p>As an opportunistic businessman, Schindler was one of many who sought to profit from the <a title="Invasion of Poland (1939)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)">German invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. He gained ownership from a bankruptcy court of an idle <a title="Enamelware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelware">enamelware</a> factory in <a title="Kraków" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Kraków</a>, named Pierwsza Małopolska Fabryka Naczyń Emaliowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych &#8220;Rekord&#8221;,  which he renamed <em>Deutsche Emaillewaren-Fabrik</em> or DEF (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=50.0478561&amp;lon=19.9611068&amp;z=18&amp;l=0&amp;m=b">location</a>). With the help of his German-speaking Jewish accountant <a title="Itzhak Stern" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzhak_Stern">Itzhak Stern</a>,  Schindler obtained around 1,000 Jewish forced labourers to work there.</p>
<p>Schindler soon adapted his lifestyle to his income. He became a well-respected guest at <a title="Schutzstaffel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel">Nazi SS</a> <a title="Elite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite">elite</a> parties, having easy chats with high-ranking SS officers, often for his benefit. Initially Schindler may have been motivated by money, as Jewish labour cost less, but later he began shielding his workers without regard for cost. He would, for instance, claim that certain unskilled workers were essential to the factory.</p>
<p>While witnessing a 1943 raid on the <a title="Kraków Ghetto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a>, where soldiers were used to round up the inhabitants for shipment to the <a title="Concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp">concentration camp</a> at<a title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp">Płaszów</a>, Schindler was appalled by the murder of many of the Jews who had been working for him. He was a very persuasive individual, and after the raid, increasingly used all of his skills to protect his <em><a title="Schindlerjuden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindlerjuden">Schindlerjuden</a></em> (&#8220;Schindler&#8217;s Jews&#8221;), as they came to be called. Schindler went out of his way to take care of the Jews who worked at DEF, often calling on his legendary charm and ingratiating manner to help his workers get out of difficult situations. Once, says author Eric Silver in <em>The Book of the Just</em>, &#8220;Two <a title="Gestapo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo">Gestapo</a> men came to his office and demanded that he hand over a family of five who had bought forged Polish identity papers. &#8216;Three hours after they walked in,&#8217; Schindler said, &#8216;two drunk Gestapo men reeled out of my office without their prisoners and without the incriminating documents they had demanded&#8217;&#8221;. The special status of his factory (&#8220;business essential to the war effort&#8221;) became the decisive factor for Schindler&#8217;s efforts to support his Jewish workers. Whenever &#8220;Schindler Jews&#8221; were threatened with deportation, he claimed exemptions for them. Wives, children, and even handicapped persons were shown to be necessary mechanics and metalworkers.</p>
<p>In the factory itself, Jewish workers were treated civilly, with none of the &#8220;shouting, abuse and random killing&#8221; that was going on in the Płaszów camp next-door. The Jews were able to pray in a <a title="Minyan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan">minyan</a> daily, and gathered at night to learn <a title="Chumash (Judaism)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)">Chumash</a> and exchange <a title="Torah study" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study#D.27var_Torah">words of Torah</a> and stories of <a title="Gedolim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedolim">Gedolim</a>. At the close of <a title="Shabbat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, the workers gathered for <a title="Shalosh Seudos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalosh_Seudos">Shalosh Seudos</a> and sang <em><a title="Zemirot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemirot">zemirot</a></em> (Shabbat-table songs), said words of Torah, and told stories of <a title="Tzadik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik">tzaddikim</a>.</p>
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<div><a title="Schindler's factory at Kraków in 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/190px-Oskar_Schindler_enamel_factory_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" alt="" width="190" height="143" /></a></div>
<div>Schindler&#8217;s factory at <a title="Kraków" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Kraków</a> in 2006</div>
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<div><a title="Schindler's factory at Brněnec in 2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG/190px-Schindlers_factory_Brnenec_CZ_2004b.JPG" alt="" width="190" height="143" /></a></div>
<div>Schindler&#8217;s factory at <a title="Brněnec" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brn%C4%9Bnec">Brněnec</a> in 2004</div>
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<p>Schindler was arrested three times on suspicion of <a title="Black market" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market">black market</a> activities and complicity in <a title="Embezzlement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, as well as breaking the <a title="Nuremberg Laws" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> by kissing a Jewish girl. <a title="Amon Göth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th">Amon Göth</a>, the commandant of the Płaszów camp, and other SS guards used Jewish property (such as money, jewellery, and works of art) for themselves, although according to law, it belonged to the Reich. Schindler arranged the sale of such items on the black market. None of his arrests led to a trial, primarily because he bribed government officials to avoid further investigation.</p>
<p>As the <a title="Red Army" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army">Red Army</a> drew nearer to <a title="Auschwitz concentration camp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> and the other easternmost concentration camps, the SS began evacuating the remaining prisoners westward. Amon Göth&#8217;s personal secretary, <a title="Mietek Pemper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mietek_Pemper">Mietek Pemper</a>, alerted Schindler to the Nazis&#8217; plans to close all factories not directly involved with the war effort, including Schindler&#8217;s enamelware facility. Pemper also persuaded and encouraged Schindler to switch production from enamelware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to save Schindler&#8217;s Jewish workers. Tipped off to the factory closure, Schindler persuaded the SS officials to allow him to move his 1,200 Jewish workers to <a title="Brněnec" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brn%C4%9Bnec">Brünnlitz</a> (<a title="Czech language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language">Czech</a>: <em>Brněnec</em>), in the <a title="German-speaking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking">German-speaking</a> <a title="Sudetenland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, thus sparing them from certain death in the gas chambers. Mietek Pemper further aided Schindler&#8217;s efforts by compiling and typing the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 of Schindler&#8217;s workers and 200 other inmates—who were sent to Brünnlitz in October 1944.</p>
<p>In Brünnlitz, Schindler gained another <a title="Aryanization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryanization">former Jewish factory</a>, which was scheduled to produce hand grenades and parts for <a title="V2 rocket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_rocket">V2 rockets</a>. It is unclear how much armament was actually produced there; Schindler and some of the workers claimed in the immediate post-war years that there had been no production that would have been useful to the German war effort, and even that some or all of the output had been deliberately faulty product.</p>
<h2>After the war</h2>
<p>Schindler and his wife fled to Austria&#8217;s U.S. zone, escaping prosecution by dressing in prison clothes and carrying a letter testifying to their heroic actions. By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black-market purchases of supplies for his workers. Virtually destitute, he moved briefly to <a title="Regensburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and later <a title="Munich" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich">Munich</a>, but did not prosper in postwar Germany. In fact, he was reduced to receiving assistance from Jewish organizations. Eventually, Schindler emigrated to <a title="Argentina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a> in 1948, where he went bankrupt. He left his wife Emilie in 1957 and returned to Germany in 1958, where he had a series of unsuccessful business ventures. Schindler settled down in a small apartment at Am Hauptbahnhof Nr. 4 in <a title="Frankfurt am Main" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, West Germany and tried again – with help from a Jewish organization – to establish a cement factory. This, too, went bankrupt in 1961. His business partners cancelled their partnership. In 1968 he began receiving a small pension from the West German government.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchindlerHildesheim.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SchindlerHildesheim.jpg/220px-SchindlerHildesheim.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchindlerHildesheim.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Commemorative plaque at Goettingstrasse 30, <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></p>
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<p>In 1971, Schindler moved to live with friends at Goettingstrasse Nr. 30 in <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>. Due to a heart complaint he was taken to the Saint Bernward Hospital in Hildesheim on 12 September 1974, where he died on 9 October 1974, at the age of 66. At the time of his death, he was surrounded by friends and family. He died penniless; the costs for his stay in the hospital were paid from social welfare of the city of Hildesheim.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave2010.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Schindlergrave2010.jpg/170px-Schindlergrave2010.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="227" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave2010.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p><strong>Schindler&#8217;s grave</strong></p>
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<p>Schindler wanted to be buried in <a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, as he said, &#8220;My children are here&#8221;. After a <a title="Requiem Mass" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Mass">Requiem Mass</a>, Schindler was buried at the Catholic <a title="Franciscan Order" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Order">Franciscans&#8217;</a> cemetery on <a title="Mount Zion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion">Mount Zion</a>, the only member of the Nazi Party to be honoured in this way. A sign at the entrance to the cemetery directs visitors &#8220;To Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Grave&#8221;.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg/220px-Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schindlergrave_-_side_view.jpg"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Side view of Schindler&#8217;s grave, piled with small stones left by Jewish visitors</p>
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<p>Schindler&#8217;s grave is located on the mountainside below Zion Gate and the <a title="Old City (Jerusalem)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)">Old City walls</a>. Stones placed on top of the grave are a sign of gratitude from Jewish visitors, according to <a title="Bereavement in Judaism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism#Visiting_the_gravesite">Jewish tradition</a>, although Schindler himself was not Jewish. On his grave, the <a title="Hebrew language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a> inscription reads: &#8220;<a title="Righteous among the Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a>&#8220;, an <a title="Honorific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific">honorific</a> used by the <a title="State of Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel">State of Israel</a> to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during <a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> to save <a title="Jews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews">Jews</a> from extermination by the <a title="Nazi Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany">Nazis</a>. The German inscription reads: &#8220;The Unforgettable Lifesaver of 1200 Persecuted Jews&#8221;</p>
<p>No one knows what Schindler&#8217;s motives were. He was quoted as saying &#8220;I knew the people who worked for me&#8230; When you know people, you have to behave towards them like human beings.&#8221;</p>
<p>The writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler in 1948 at the behest of some of the surviving <em>Schindlerjuden</em>(Schindler&#8217;s Jews), wrote:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Oskar Schindler&#8217;s exceptional deeds stemmed from just that elementary sense of decency and humanity that our sophisticated age seldom sincerely believes in. A repentant opportunist saw the light and rebelled against the sadism and vile criminality all around him. The inference may be disappointingly simple, especially for all amateur psychoanalysts who would prefer the deeper and more mysterious motive that may, if it is true, still lie unprobed and unappreciated. But an hour with Oskar Schindler encourages belief in the simple answer.&#8221;</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>Legacy</h2>
<h3><em>Schindler&#8217;s List</em> (<em>Schindler&#8217;s Ark</em>)</h3>
<p>Schindler&#8217;s story, retold by Holocaust survivor <a title="Poldek Pfefferberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldek_Pfefferberg">Poldek Pfefferberg</a>, was the basis for <a title="Thomas Keneally" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a>&#8217;s book <em><a title="Schindler's Ark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark">Schindler&#8217;s Ark</a></em> (the novel was published in America as <em>Schindler&#8217;s List</em>), which was adapted into the 1993 movie <em><a title="Schindler's List" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List">Schindler&#8217;s List</a></em> by <a title="Steven Spielberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>. In the film, he is played by <a title="Liam Neeson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson">Liam Neeson</a>, who was nominated for the <a title="Academy Award for Best Actor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for his portrayal. The film won seven<a title="Oscars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscars">Oscars</a>, including the <a title="Academy Award for Best Picture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>. The prominence of Spielberg&#8217;s film introduced Schindler into popular culture. As the film is the sole source of most people&#8217;s knowledge of Schindler, he is generally perceived much as Spielberg&#8217;s film depicts him: as a man who was instinctively driven by profit-driven amorality, but who at some point made a silent but conscious decision that preserving the lives of his Jewish employees was imperative, even if requiring massive payments to induce Nazis to turn a blind eye.</p>
<p>Other film treatments have included a 1983 British television documentary produced by Thames Television, narrated by Sir <a title="Dirk Bogarde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> entitled, <em>Schindler: The Documentary</em> (released in the US in 1994 as <em>Schindler: The Real Story</em>), and a 1998 <a title="A&amp;E Biography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Biography">A&amp;E Biography</a> special, <em>Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind the List</em>.</p>
<h3>Schindler&#8217;s suitcase</h3>
<p>In late 1999 a suitcase belonging to Schindler was discovered, containing over 7,000 photographs and documents, including the list of Schindler&#8217;s Jewish workers. The document, on his enamelware factory&#8217;s letterhead, had been provided to the SS stating that the named workers were &#8220;essential&#8221; employees. Friends of Schindler found the suitcase in the attic of a house in <a title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, where he had been staying at the time of his death. The friends took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where its discovery was reported by a newspaper, the <em><a title="Stuttgarter Zeitung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarter_Zeitung">Stuttgarter Zeitung</a></em>. The contents of the suitcase, including the list of the names of those he had saved and the text of his farewell speech before leaving his Jewish workers in 1945, are now at the Holocaust museum of <a title="Yad Vashem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> in <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>.</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enamel_factory.JPG"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Enamel_factory.JPG/220px-Enamel_factory.JPG" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enamel_factory.JPG"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Schindler&#8217;s enamel factory in 2009</p>
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<h3>List of Schindlerjuden</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="List of Schindlerjuden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schindlerjuden">List of Schindlerjuden</a></div>
<p>In early April 2009, a second list was discovered at the <a title="State Library of New South Wales" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales">State Library of New South Wales</a>, Australia by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by author Thomas Keneally. The 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed between research notes and original newspaper clippings. This list, given to Keneally in 1980 by <a title="Leopold Pfefferberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Pfefferberg">Leopold Pfefferberg</a>, who was listed as worker number 173, differs slightly from the other list, but is nonetheless considered to be genuine and authentic. It is believed that several lists were made during the war as the protected population changed. This particular list, dated 18 April 1945, was given to Keneally by Pfefferberg when he was persuading Keneally to write Schindler&#8217;s story. In the last months of the war, German Nazi camps stepped up their extermination efforts. This list is believed to have saved the lives of 801 people from death in the gas chambers. It was this list, taken with the surrounding events of the time, that inspired Keneally to write his novel.</p>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individuals_and_groups_assisting_Jews_during_the_Holocaust">List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust</a></li>
<li><a title="Righteous among the Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a></li>
<li><a title="Yad Vashem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem#Righteous_Among_the_Nations">Yad Vashem Righteous among the Nations</a></li>
<li><a title="List of Righteous among the Nations by country" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Righteous_among_the_Nations_by_country">List of Righteous among the Nations by country</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a title="Raoul Wallenberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a></li>
<li><a title="Necdet Kent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necdet_Kent">Necdet Kent</a></li>
<li><a title="Abdol Hossein Sardari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdol_Hossein_Sardari">Abdol Hossein Sardari</a></li>
<li><a title="Chiune Sugihara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a></li>
<li><a title="John Rabe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rabe">John Rabe</a></li>
<li><a title="Leo Rosner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rosner">Leo Rosner</a></li>
<li><a title="Ángel Sanz Briz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sanz_Briz">Ángel Sanz Briz</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>References</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-NYTobit-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-NYTobit_0-4"><sup><em><strong>e</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&amp;res=F10813FD3B591A728DDDAA0994D8415B848BF1D3">&#8220;Oskar Schindler, Saved 1200 Jews&#8221;</a> (PDF). <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>. 13 October 1974. Retrieved 2009-01-20.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7377765.stm">BBC NEWS | Middle East | Schindler list survivor recalls saviour</a>. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Schindlersglist.htm">Other sources</a> vary, placing the number at 1,098 according to the list, along with an additional 100 people according to a letter signed by Isaak Stern, former employee Pal. Office in Krakow, Dr. Hilfstein, Chaim Salpeter, Former President of the Zionist Executive in Krakow for Galicia and Silesia.</li>
<li id="cite_note-maple-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-4"><sup><em><strong>e</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-5"><sup><em><strong>f</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-6"><sup><em><strong>g</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-7"><sup><em><strong>h</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-maple_2-8"><sup><em><strong>i</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/steinhouse.html">Herbert Steinhouse, &#8220;The Real Oskar Schindler&#8221;, <em>Saturday Night</em> Magazine, April, 1994.</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> Thomas Keneally, <em>Schindler&#8217;s Ark</em>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340335017">ISBN 0-340-33501-7</a>).</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE1DD133CF93BA35753C1A9679C8B63&amp;scp=8&amp;sq">&#8220;Emilie Schindler, 93, Dies; Saved Jews in War&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>. October 8, 2001. Retrieved 2009-01-20.Schindler&#8217;s wife <a title="Emilie Schindler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Schindler">Emilie</a> was born on 22 October 1907, the daughter of Josef and Maria Pelzl, and died on 5 October 2001, at age 93 in a hospital in Berlin. They did not have children.</li>
<li id="cite_note-grunt-5"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-grunt_5-0">^</a></strong> Jitka Gruntová, <em>Legendy a fakta o Oskaru Schindlerovi</em>. Naše vojsko, 2002 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8020606076">ISBN 80-206-0607-6</a>).</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> Brzoskwinia, Waldemar (19 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,90719,5328861,Zablocie__chlodnia_i_fabryki.html">&#8220;Spacerownik. Zabłocie: chłodnia i fabryki&#8221;</a>. <em>Gazeta Wyborcza</em> (Kraków).</li>
<li id="cite_note-DC-7">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-DC_7-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/schindler/">&#8220;Oskar Schindler: An Unlikely Hero&#8221;</a>. <a title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-8">^</a></strong> Eric Silver (1992). <em>The book of the just – the silent heroes who saved Jews from Hitler</em>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0802113478" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802113478">0802113478</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong> Werdyger, Duvid (1993). <em>Songs of Hope</em>. Lakewood, N.J.: CIS Publishers. pp. 161–162. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/1560622261" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560622261">1560622261</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph-10">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-telegraph_10-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8578020/Mietek-Pemper.html">&#8220;Mietek Pemper&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="The Daily Telegraph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></em>. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-26.</li>
<li id="cite_note-nytimes-11">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-nytimes_11-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-nytimes_11-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> Martin, Douglas (2011-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/world/europe/19pemper.html">&#8220;Mietek Pemper, 91, Camp Inmate Who Compiled Schindler’s List&#8221;</a>. <em><a title="New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times">New York Times</a></em>. Retrieved 2011-06-26.</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-12">^</a></strong> Gutman (1995). <em>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</em>. MacMillan Publishing Company. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0028645278" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028645278">0028645278</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-13">^</a></strong> Maslin, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/119912/Schindler-s-List/overview?scp=1&amp;sq=schindler%27s%20list&amp;st=cse">&#8220;Movies: About Schindler&#8217;s List&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-life-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-life_14-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-life_14-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> Bulow, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/">&#8220;Oskar Schindler: His List of Life&#8221;</a>. oskarschindler.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hildesheim-15"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-Hildesheim_15-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stadtarchiv-hildesheim.de/publikationen/dok_35_schindler.htm">&#8220;City of Hildesheim Archives (in German)&#8221;</a>. 2 October 1999. Retrieved 2007-12-16.</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-16">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dlddu.de/index.php?id=244941&amp;middle=holidaycheck&amp;anz=mb&amp;bid=1155834312&amp;ch=ub">Photos of house and plaque</a> located at Göttingstr.30 in Hildesheim where Oskar Schindler lived from 1972 to his death in 1974. He was a guest of Dr. Staehr and his wife.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deutsches_Historisches_Museum-17"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-Deutsches_Historisches_Museum_17-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SchindlerOskar/index.html">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a> Article Oskar Schindler.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-18">^</a></strong> Crowe, David M. (2004). <em>Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind The List</em>. Philadelphia: Westview Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3375-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3375-X">0-8133-3375-X</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-19">^</a></strong> Bellafante, Ginia. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://tv.nytimes.com/show/60358/Schindler-The-Real-Story/overview">&#8220;Test&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-20">^</a></strong> Goodman, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://tv.nytimes.com/show/57324/Oskar-Schindler-The-Man-Behind-the-List/overview">&#8220;Test&#8221;</a>. <em>The New York Times</em>. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong> Bulow, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/16.htm">&#8220;The Suitcase&#8221;</a>. oskarschindler.com.</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090406/ts_afp/australiagermanyhistorywwiiholocaustschindler">&#8220;Schingler&#8221;</a> (<sup>[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Link rot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot">dead link</a></em>]</sup>). <em>News</em> (Yahoo!). 2009-04-06.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/"><br />The Schindler Story</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://schindlersfactory.com/">Biggest online gallery of images of Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Factory in Kraków</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oskarschindlersfactory.com/">Oskar Schindler&#8217;s Factory info and tours</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/germany/germany_shindler.html">Oskar and Emilie Schindler &#8211; Righteous Among the Nations &#8211; Yad Vashem</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://auschwitz.dk/Schindlerslist.htm">Oskar Schindler&#8217;s list at Auschwitz.dk</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/our_collections/schindlers_list/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Aerial Evidence for Schindler&#8217;s List</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hearthasreasons.com/bibliography.php">Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/spielberg.html#schindler">Schindler&#8217;s List (film) bibliography via UC Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mietek-pemper.de/w/images/7/7f/OS_%28105%29.jpg">Pictures of Oskar Schindler&#8217;s suitcase</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=4724">Find-A-Grave profile for Oskar Schindler</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/schindler/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum &#8211; Oskar Schindler</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20090226"><em>Voices on Antisemitism</em> Interview with Helen Jonas</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ushmm.org/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/nyregion/thecity/02schi.html">Interview with Mimi Reinhard, Schindler&#8217;s secretary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>Harvard University&#8217;s Justice with Michael Sandel</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/michael-sandel/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 12:38:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Michael Sandel
&#8220;Justice is one of the most popular courses in Harvard’s history&#8221;
Copyrights: WGBH Boston and Harvard University

&#8220;Sandel has opened up an important area of debate at a time when some of the unquestioned assumptions underlying economic policy and praxis of the last few decades have been exposed as fraudulent and are being questioned. What happens [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="firstHeading"><a href="http://justiceharvard.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid=2">Michael Sandel</a></h1>
<p>&#8220;<strong>Justice is one of the most popular courses in Harvard’s history&#8221;</strong></p>
<div><em><strong>Copyrights: WGBH Boston</strong> and <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Harvard University" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=42.3744444444,-71.1169444444&amp;spn=0.01,0.01&amp;q=42.3744444444,-71.1169444444%20%28Harvard%20University%29&amp;t=h">Harvard University</a></strong></em></div>
<p><img class="alignnone" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/31ewqK%2B7ZkL._BO2,204,203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click,TopRight,35,-76_AA240_SH20_OU01_.jpg" alt="" width="240" height="240" /></p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;</strong></em>Sandel has opened up an important area of debate at a time when some of the unquestioned assumptions underlying economic policy and praxis of the last few decades have been exposed as fraudulent and are being questioned. What happens to the human person in a greedy society? What happens when people and values become commodities that can be traded? What happens when morality is reduced to what is technically practicable? And who is willing to take responsibility instead of just blaming others for what they don’t like?<em><strong>&#8221; </strong></em><a href="http://nickbaines.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/markets-and-the-common-good/">Nick Baines</a></p>
<div>
<h3 id="siteSub"><a class="zem_slink" title="Wikipedia" rel="homepage" href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h3>
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<th style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: lightsteelblue;" colspan="2"><a title="Western philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy">Western philosophy</a><br />
<small><a title="21st-century philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st-century_philosophy">21st-century philosophy</a></small></th>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Full name</th>
<td>Michael Sandel</td>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Born</th>
<td>March 5, 1953 <span style="display: none;">(<span>1953-03-05</span>)</span> <span>(age 56)</span></td>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Main interests</th>
<td><a title="Political philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</a><br />
<a title="Legal philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_philosophy">Legal philosophy</a><br />
<a title="Moral philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophy">Moral philosophy</a></td>
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<p><strong>Michael J. Sandel</strong> (born March 5, 1953) is a <a title="Political philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy">political philosopher</a> and a professor at <a title="Harvard University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>. He is best known for his critique of <a title="John Rawls" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls">Rawls</a>&#8216; <a title="Theory of Justice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Justice">Theory of Justice</a> (1971) in his <em>Liberalism and the Limits of Justice</em> (1982).</p>
<h2><span id="Education">Education</span></h2>
<p>Sandel graduated <a title="Phi Beta Kappa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> from <a title="Brandeis University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University">Brandeis University</a> in 1975, and received his doctorate from <a title="Balliol College, Oxford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> as a <a title="Rhodes Scholar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar">Rhodes Scholar</a>, where he studied under <a title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_%28philosopher%29">Charles Taylor</a>.</p>
<h2><span> </span> <span id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</span></h2>
<p>Sandel subscribes to the theory of <a title="Communitarianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianism">communitarianism</a> (although he is uncomfortable with the label), and in this vein he is perhaps best known for his critique of <a title="John Rawls" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls">John Rawls</a>&#8217;s <em><a title="A Theory of Justice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></em>. Rawls&#8217; argument depends on the assumption of the <a title="Veil of ignorance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>, which allows us to become &#8220;unencumbered selves.&#8221;</p>
<p>Sandel&#8217;s view is that we are by nature encumbered to an extent that makes it impossible even in the hypothetical to have such a veil. Some examples of such ties are the ties we make with our families, which we do not make by conscious choice but are born with them already attached. Because they are not consciously applied, these ties are impossible to separate from someone. Sandel believes that only a less-restrictive, looser version of the veil of ignorance can be possible. Rawls&#8217;s argument, however, depends on the fact that the veil is restrictive enough that we make decisions without knowing who will be affected by these decisions, which of course is impossible if we are already attached to people in the world.</p>
<h2><span> </span><span id="Teaching">Teaching</span></h2>
<h3><span id="Justice">Justice</span></h3>
<p>Sandel has taught the famous &#8220;Justice&#8221;<sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> course at <a title="Harvard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard">Harvard</a> for two decades. More than 10,000 students have taken the course, making it one of the most highly attended in Harvard&#8217;s history. The fall 2007 class was the largest ever at <a title="Harvard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard">Harvard</a>, with a total of 1,115 students.<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The fall 2007 course was recorded, and is offered online for students nationwide through the Harvard Extension School. An abridged form of this recording is now a 12-episode TV series, <em>Justice: What&#8217;s the Right Thing to Do?</em>, in a coproduction of <a title="WGBH" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH">WGBH</a> and Harvard University. Episodes are available on the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://justiceharvard.org/">Justice with Michael Sandel</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> There is also an accompanying book <em>Justice: What&#8217;s the Right Thing to Do?</em>, and the sourcebook of readings <em><a class="zem_slink" title="Justice: A Reader" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Justice-Reader-Michael-J-Sandel/dp/0195335120%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0195335120">Justice: A Reader</a></em>.</p>
<p><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="469" height="348" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="src" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/kBdfcR-8hEY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="469" height="348" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/kBdfcR-8hEY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBdfcR-8hEY&amp;feature=SeriesPlayList&amp;p=30C13C91CFFEFEA6">Click here </a>for Other episodes</strong> -videos- of Justice by Michael Sandel</p>
<p><strong><span id="Other_teaching">Other teaching</span></strong></p>
<p>Sandel also co-teaches with <a title="Douglas Melton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Melton">Douglas Melton</a> &#8220;Ethics and Biotechnology&#8221;, a seminar considering the ethical implications of a variety of biotechnological procedures and possibilities.</p>
<h2><span id="Authorship">Authorship</span></h2>
<p>Sandel is the author of multiple publications including <em>Democracy&#8217;s Discontent</em> and <em>Public Philosophy</em>. His <em>Public Philosophy</em> is a collection of his own previously published essays, examining the role of morality and justice in American political life. He offers commentary on the roles of moral values and civic community in the American electoral process – a much-debated aspect of the 2004 U.S. election cycle and current political discussion.</p>
<p>Michael Sandel gave the 2009 <a title="List of Reith Lectures" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Reith_Lectures">Reith Lectures</a> on &#8220;A New Citizenship&#8221; on BBC Radio, addressing the &#8216;prospect for a new politics of the common good&#8217; <sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>. The lectures were delivered in London on May 18, Oxford on May 21, Newcastle on May 26 and Washington DC in early June <sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p>
<h2><span id="Public_service">Public service</span></h2>
<p>Sandel served on the <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration&#8217;s <a title="President's Council on Bioethics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics">President&#8217;s Council on Bioethics</a>.</p>
<h2><span id="2009_immigration_commentary">2009 immigration commentary</span></h2>
<p>In 2009, he described a controversial &#8217;solution&#8217; to immigration. Sandel suggested that the international community should impose annual refugee quotas on nations according to their wealth. Countries would be allowed to pay other, poorer countries to take refugees allotted under their quota.<sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Sandel does not endorse this view. He merely uses it as an illustration of the markets inevitably presupposing and promoting certain norms. He concludes: &#8220;There is something distasteful about a market in refugees, even if it’s for their own good, but what exactly is objectionable about it? It has something to do with the fact that a market in refugees changes our view of who refugees are and how they should be treated. It encourages the participants — the buyers, the sellers and also those whose asylum is being haggled over — to think of refugees as burdens to be unloaded or as revenue sources rather than as human beings in peril.&#8221;<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Works">Works</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Justice: What&#8217;s the Right Thing to Do?</em>, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, (September 15, 2009), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374180652">ISBN 978-0374180652</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Justice: A Reader</em>, Oxford University Press, (September 27, 2007), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195335125">ISBN 978-0195335125</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering</em>, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (January 31, 2007); paperback (September 30, 2009), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036383">ISBN 978-0674036383</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Public Philosophy: Essays on Morality in Politics</em>, Harvard University Press (October 31, 2006), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023659">ISBN 978-0674023659</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Liberalism and the Limits of Justice</em>, Cambridge University Press, (March 28, 1998), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521567411">ISBN 978-0521567411</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Democracy&#8217;s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy</em>, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (February 6, 1998), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674197459">ISBN 978-0674197459</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Other languages</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Michael J. Sandel, <em>Plädoyer gegen die Perfektion</em> (German), Berlin University Press, (January 1, 2008), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783940432148">ISBN 978-3940432148</a></li>
<li>Michael J. Sandel and Maria Luz Melon, <em>El Liberalismo y los Limites de la Justicia (Filosofia del Derecho)</em> (Spanish), Gedisa Editorial, (November 2000), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788474327069">ISBN 978-8474327069</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="American philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy">American philosophy</a></li>
<li><a title="List of American philosophers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="References">References</span></h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/jmr/">Justice: A Journey in Moral Reasoning, Michael J. Sandel</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> Makarchev, Nikita. &#8220;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=519668">Sandel Wins Enrollment Battle</a>.&#8221; The Harvard Crimson. September 26, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/breaking-news/sandel-justice-television-series-book-website">&#8220;Justice&#8221;—On Air, in Books, Online</a>, by Craig Lambert, September 22, 2009]</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kj2dw">BBC Radio 4 Programme details for Start the Week, 25 May 2009</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/feb/05/michael-sandel-reith-lectures-radio-4"><em>Guardian</em>, 5 February 2009, &#8220;Michael Sandel to deliver Radio 4&#8217;s Reith Lectures&#8221;</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBmCb7nancc">Should We Sell American Citizenship? &#8211; Michael Sandel</a> ForaTv</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6485444.ece">http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6485444.ece</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gov.harvard.edu/people/faculty/michael-sandel">Harvard University Bio</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/2009/05/michael-sandel-on-what-shouldnt-be-sold.html">Podcast interview with Nigel Warburton on <em>Philosophy Bites</em> on What Shouldn&#8217;t Be Sold</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/2008/05/michael-sandel.html">Podcast interview with Nigel Warburton on <em>Ethics Bites</em> on the topic of Genetic Enhancement in Sports</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bioethics.gov/about/sandel.html">The President&#8217;s Council on Bioethics</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://fora.tv/2008/07/17/The_Case_Against_Perfection_Michael_Sandel">FORA.tv The Case Against Perfection</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://fora.tv/2008/07/04/Michael_Sandel_Justice-Journey_in_Moral_Reasoninga">FORA.tv Michael Sandel on Justice: A Journey in Moral Reasoning</a> at the <a title="Aspen Institute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Institute">Aspen Institute</a>, one hour excerpt</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/michael_sandel_links/">A page of links relating to the 2009 Reith Lectures</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://justiceharvard.org/">Justice with Michael Sandel</a>, <em><a title="WGBH Boston" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Boston">WGBH Boston</a></em> and <em><a title="Harvard University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a></em>, complete online video with discussion guides, readings and discussion circle</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBdfcR-8hEY">Justice: What&#8217;s The Right Thing To Do?</a> on Harvard University&#8217;s <a title="YouTube" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a> channel</li>
</ul>
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		<title>A passionate plea by Bob Geldof</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/passionate-plea-bob-geldof/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/passionate-plea-bob-geldof/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:59:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Creation - Higher Power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Golden Rule]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Love]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[7. Heart-EQ-Guardian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[8. Soul-SQ-Idealist]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[







© Matthieu Ricard  (born 1946) is a Buddhist monk who resides at Shechen Tennyi Dargyeling Monastery in Nepal.
Recently the Dalai Lama Center Canada organized a Peace Summit in Vancouver with the Dalai Lama and other Nobel Prize winners and speakers. One evening the rock singer and humanitarian Bob Geldof, whose Live Aid concerts have [...]]]></description>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://www.daylife.com/image/080l0jK6j015r?utm_source=zemanta&amp;utm_medium=p&amp;utm_content=080l0jK6j015r&amp;utm_campaign=z1"><img title="ROSTOCK, GERMANY - JUNE 07:  Bono and Bob Geld..." src="http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/080l0jK6j015r/150x95.jpg" alt="ROSTOCK, GERMANY - JUNE 07:  Bono and Bob Geld..." width="150" height="95" /></a></dt>
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<p>© <strong><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/">Matthieu Ricard</a> </strong> (born 1946) is a <a title="Buddhist monk" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monk">Buddhist monk</a> who resides at <a title="Shechen Monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechen_Monastery">Shechen Tennyi Dargyeling Monastery</a> in <a title="Nepal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal">Nepal</a>.</p>
<p>Recently the <a class="zem_slink" title="Dalai Lama" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama">Dalai Lama</a> Center Canada organized a Peace Summit in Vancouver with the Dalai Lama and other <a class="zem_slink" title="Nobel Prize" rel="homepage" href="http://nobelprize.org">Nobel Prize</a> winners and speakers. One evening the rock singer and humanitarian <a class="zem_slink" title="Bob Geldof" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002097/">Bob Geldof</a>, whose Live Aid concerts have raised 100s of millions of dollars for <a class="zem_slink" title="Africa" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a>, made this passionate plea:</p>
<p>“For most of us, all we can do when witnessing suffering is to put our hand in our pocket. If a million of us do that, it is a lot of people, a lot of help, and governments should take note. We need to keep children alive long enough so that they can become the doctors and engineers of tomorrow. Without that something will wither and die inside of us.</p>
<p>Many of these children don’t have parents because of man-made mistakes like wars. In my life I have met extraordinary people such as Mother Theresa. She would tell me that she saw the suffering of Christ on the broken backs of the poor. I don’t see that. I don’t see God. I see the malignant hand of man laid bare. And if that is so, it can be remedied, because it we have done it and we can undo it. We can say: “Enough!” All this is the symptom of <a class="zem_slink" title="Poverty" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty">poverty</a> revealed in lack of education and in ill health.</p>
<p>In terms of global wealth, the need is infinitesimal if the political will would be there. How many times do we have to manifest the will of the people to the politician and say: “GET-THIS-DONE!” How many times do we have to create African children’s choirs and pop concerts in order to convince <a class="zem_slink" title="Human" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human">human beings</a> to join in the glory of humanity? What are we &#8211; a circus or a society?</p>
<p>In truth, the real need represents only a tiny proportion of national budgets.</p>
<p>In the case of <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">America</a>, it is 0.16% of the national <a class="zem_slink" title="Economy" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy">economy</a>. It is not that Americans are selfish. Surveys show that when asked what percentage of their <a class="zem_slink" title="Gross domestic product" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">GDP</a> do they believe goes into <a class="zem_slink" title="Aid" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid">foreign aid</a>, Americans say: “10%”. And when asked “it that enough”, they say “no”. But when they actually find out that it is only 0.16%, they are dismayed.”</p>
<p>The Commission for Africa has requested a doubling of aid by 2010 that will total 50 billion US dollars. Three months ago, one private bank in Britain was given 75 billion pounds within 30 minutes to save it from going under.</p>
<p>Yet a billion people will go down, and the cost is less that one private British company, in an economic system representing more than 50 trillion per annum. And one of the world’s richest economies can’t find a fraction of that.</p>
<p>We really are a joke.</p>
<p>When we break our promise to the poor, we break the most sacred promise, because breaking this promise kills people.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard">About Matthew Ricard</a></p>
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		<title>Is Technology Really Evil? by Dr. Mani</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/is-technology-really-evil-by-dr-mani/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/is-technology-really-evil-by-dr-mani/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2009 13:01:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[A. NEST-UNIVERSE]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Money, Power, Wisdom: 
September 20, 2009 


Before you read any further, let me warn you.  This blog post is not typical of what I usually write – and is DEFINITELY NOT for everyone!
If the “existential dilemma” leaves you cold (you lucky dog, you!), or your “search for meaning” rarely surfaces, and (when it does) [...]]]></description>
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<h2><abbr title="2009-09-20"><a href="http://guydz.com/moneypowerwisdom/">Money, Power, Wisdom: <img class="alignnone" title="Dr. Mani" src="http://www.dr-mani.com/images/dr%20mani.jpg" alt="" width="97" height="116" /></a></abbr><a href="http://guydz.com/moneypowerwisdom/"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Administrateur/Local%20Settings/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" alt="" /></a></h2>
<h2><abbr title="2009-09-20"><a href="http://guydz.com/moneypowerwisdom/">September 20, 2009 </a></abbr></h2>
</div>
<p><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Administrateur/Local%20Settings/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Before you read any further, let me warn you.  This blog post is not typical of what I usually write – <strong>and is DEFINITELY NOT for everyone!</strong></p>
<p>If the “existential dilemma” leaves you cold <em>(you lucky dog, you!)</em>, or your “search for meaning” rarely surfaces, and (when it does) is easily sublimated by a bar of chocolate in the fridge, then you won’t find this interesting.</p>
<p>I’ll go further.  You may find it shocking, disturbing and scary.  Stop.  You have been warned!</p>
<p><img src="http://guydz.com/moneypowerwisdom/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif" alt=":-)" /></p>
<p>(But no, I’m not joking!)</p>
<p>Still with me. Ok. Let’s start at the very beginning (the very best way to start, sings Julie Andrews in “<a class="zem_slink" title="The Sound of Music (Two-Disc 40th Anniversary Special Edition)" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Sound-Music-Two-Disc-Anniversary-Special/dp/B000AP04OM%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB000AP04OM">The Sound of Music</a>”, by the way!)</p>
<p>Late last night, I was reading a blog called <strong>TECHNIUM</strong>.  It’s by <strong>Kevin Kelly</strong>, the guy who wrote the awesome <a href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php" target="_blank"><strong>“1,000 True Fans”</strong></a> post I reference often.</p>
<p>This post had the intriguing title <a href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2009/02/the_unabomber_w.php" target="_blank"><strong>“The Unabomber Was Right”</strong></a>. I started reading – and found myself instantly pulled into the narrative. And (gasp!) nodding my head in agreement with some of Kaczynski’s theory!</p>
<p>Look, I’m no Luddite. In fact, I work in TWO of possibly the most technologically sophisticated industries in the world today – a very specialized branch of medicine (pediatric cardiac surgery), and the cutting-edge, rapidly advancing, constantly evolving arena of Internet business.</p>
<p>And I love what I do, and how I do it – and realize it would be impossible to do without technology.</p>
<p>Yet I found myself AGREEING with some quoted excerpts of the manifesto (which, by the way, I haven’t read fully – though I might at some point, to see what else is in there).</p>
<p>As I wended my way through the very long post on Technium’s blog, my mind recalled a similar article (from April 2000) by <strong>Bill Joy</strong>, co-founder of <a class="zem_slink" title="The Sun (Isaac Asimov's 21st Century Library of the Universe. Solar System)" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Asimovs-Century-Library-Universe-System/dp/1591021227%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1591021227">Sun</a> Microsystems, and for a long time, it’s chief technology officer and software architect. That provocative piece, published in WIRED magazine, was titled <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html" target="_blank"><strong>“Why The Future Does Not Need Us”</strong></a>.</p>
<p>That article moved me to deep thought, and even resulted in a letter in response that I emailed to Wired, though I’m not sure if it was ever published in the magazine. (I’ve included it below, if you’re interested in reading it)</p>
<p>It also led me to study the work of futurologist <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Raymond Kurzweil" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961244/">Ray Kurzweil</a></strong>, and I read his paradigm shifting book, <strong>“<a class="zem_slink" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Age-Spiritual-Machines-Computers-Intelligence/dp/0670882178%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0670882178">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a>”</strong> which first introduced me to the concept of a <em>“downloadable consciousness”</em>! (And with such relentless logic, damn it!) If you want your socio-technological foundations shaken to their roots, read that book – and be prepared to be surprised.</p>
<p>Anyway, the parallels AND THE DIFFERENCES came to mind – because where Bill Joy ended his essay on a more or less nihilistic tone of hopelessness, Kevin Kelly chose (like me) to see the ‘positive’ – <strong>and highlighted the expanded range of choice that technology has permitted us all.</strong></p>
<p>So even if technology is evil and all-pervasive to the point of killing off all alternative (non-technology based) options in the long run (and no one can say that will happen, though logically it does appear likely), at least in the process enormous advantages/benefits will have been conferred on humanity.</p>
<p>Today, I believe, we have already crossed the Rubicon. Realistically, we can no longer tune out technology. Tell me… can we shut down the Internet? Can we run stock exchanges without computers? Heck, most of us can’t even make our early morning brew without extensively using ‘technology’!</p>
<p>So are we on the slippery slope of self-annhilation and subservience to a nameless, faceless force called TECHNOLOGY, the <a class="zem_slink" title="Darth Vader" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader">Darth Vader</a> of our <a class="zem_slink" title="Milky Way" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way">Milky Way galaxy</a>?</p>
<p>I went to bed with that thought lurking under the surface of my awareness, mildly disturbing but not too worrisome (you’ll see why if you read my reply to Bill Joy’s article below)</p>
<p>Anyway, what happened today was kind of cool. Events like this make me wonder about the role (and reality) of serendipity, coincidence and chance in our lives.</p>
<p>I’m halfway through reading the <em>“<a class="zem_slink" title="Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Autobiography-Benjamin-Franklin/dp/1566193931%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1566193931">Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</a>”</em>, but sought out a different book to read over dinner. We had bought seven new books a few days back at the bookstore, and the one I picked today was <a class="zem_slink" title="Isaac Asimov" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001920/">Isaac Asimov</a>’s.</p>
<p>Now, this book has two stories – <em>“<a class="zem_slink" title="The Caves of Steel (Robot series)" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Caves-Steel-Robot-Isaac-Asimov/dp/0586008357%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0586008357">The Caves of Steel</a>”</em> and <em>“The <a class="zem_slink" title="The Rest of the Robots" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Rest-Robots-Isaac-Asimov/dp/0385090412%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0385090412">Rest of the Robots</a>”</em> – and for some reason, I selected the second one to read first!</p>
<p>Flipping over to page 8, I read the introduction, which included this passage – and was stunned at the relevance and congruity with the line of thinking that had been occupying my mind subliminally since last night!</p>
<p>Here’s what Asimov says about robots (in the context of why he started writing about them in his sci-fi novels):</p>
<blockquote><p>“In the 1930s, I became a science-fiction reader, and I quickly grew tired of this dull hundred-times-old tale. Robots were created, and destroyed their creator. As a person interested in science, I resented the purely Faustian interpretation of science.</p>
<p>“Knowledge has its dangers, yes, but is the response to be a retreat from knowledge? Are we prepared then to return to the ape and forfeit the very essence of humanity? Or is knowledge to be used as itself a barrier against the danger it brings?</p>
<p>“In other words, Faust must indeed face Mephistopheles, <strong><em>but Faust does not have to be defeated!</em></strong></p>
<p>“Knives are manufactured with hilts so that they may be grasped safely, stairs possess banisters, electric wiring is insulated, pressure cookers have safety valves – in every artifact, thought is put into minimizing danger. Sometimes, the safety achieved is insufficient because of limitations imposed by the nature of the universe or the nature of the human mind. However, the effort is there.</p>
<p>“Consider a robot then, as simply another artifact. It is not a sacrilegious invasion of the domain of the Almighty, any more (or any less) than any other artifact is. As a machine, a robot will surely be designed for safety, as far as possible. If robots are so advanced that they can mimic thought processes of human beings, then surely the nature of those thought processes will be designed by human engineers and built-in safeguards wil be added. The safety may not be perfect (what is?), but it will be as complete as men can make it.”</p></blockquote>
<p>WOW!</p>
<p>Asimov’s philosophy regarding technological advances so closely parallels mine (as reflected in the letter below) that I cannot help but wonder if I had read this passage many years ago (and forgotten about it), and then re-surfaced it in my own paper… with the tinge of fatalism that my cultural upbringing has inculcated in many facets of my thinking.</p>
<p>Anyway, what are your thoughts (if any) on this subject? Read my letter below, and then (if you feel like it), leave a comment on the blog.</p>
<p>My email to WIRED magazine, after reading Bill Joy’s article:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY IS …… ‘HUMANOIDITY’ ?!</strong></p>
<p>As a paediatric cardiac surgeon working with children’s heart defects, almost every issue Bill Joy brought up in this article is related what I do on a day-to-day basis. Technologic advances, ethical issues related to such developments, interfering with Nature’s course, exploring new frontiers of science, are all an integral part of my professional work. And hence, areas which I’ve thought about in depth, time and again.</p>
<p>Joy’s article brought up many debatable issues.  Here are some of my comments and thoughts.</p>
<p>I agree with the basic premise. Technology will soon advance to the level where machines will become intelligent – even more so than the average human – and will do things better. Maybe someday soon, we’ll come to look upon machines as indispensible to our lives.</p>
<p>I also accept that such progress comes at a price, and an enormous risk. But feel the benefits derived on an everyday basis, as also on an evolutionary level, outweigh the dangers.</p>
<p>While the possibility that the future might see us humans get integrated with an intelligent robot is unsettling, once you get used to the concept, it becomes increasingly acceptable. Especially if, as Joy thinks, it will happen slowly, universally, painlessly. Why worry about it? Like Death, after all, it will be upon you before you realize – and then you won’t need to!</p>
<p>Are we constructing tools that may replace our species? Well, I’d prefer to think the tools we are working on are enhancing our species, helping it evolve into a more powerful, extinction-proof form.</p>
<p>As more and more computing and processing power becomes available to us, that itself will act as an impetus to unleash more of our own brain-power in a synergizing and snow-balling manner. And when you consider that barely 5% of our cerebral capacity has been tapped, you begin to realize that all isn’t lost with the human race. In fact, we might have barely scratched the surface in terms of species/intelligence evolution.</p>
<p>Certainly, there is the uncomfortable risk that we might destroy ourselves in the process. But isn’t that true about any revolutionary development in history?</p>
<p>I believe the human species is innately pre-programmed to survive – and in the process evolve to become ever better, albeit, maybe, losing what is today its essential *humanity*</p>
<p>Looked at in this sense, work on today’s cutting edge technology is a step in that evolutionary process that ensures survival of the fittest species – OURS.</p>
<p>Shouldn’t we be proceeding with caution ?</p>
<p>We are. Nature’s built-in safety valve makes certain that we come up with the most fascinating, innovative advances and breakthroughs ONLY when we are ready for them.</p>
<p>Not much has changed in the basic processes of the human brain or mind in the past century. But look at the advances it has been able to think up, create and implement over the same period. Why didn’t they happen earlier? Surely, humans *could* have thought up the same discoveries and inventions earlier than they did. I prefer to believe there is an inherent timetable that everyone conforms to, knowingly or not, which determines the speed of our evolution.</p>
<p>If an intelligent, self-replicating robot does indeed come into existence in 2030, it is perhaps because human-kind will then be ready for it. We will not survive an encounter with such super-human robots.</p>
<p>But are we sure humankind will try and engage in a battle of wits or strength with such robots? Or even if we do, isn’t it also a possibility that our own intelligence – aided by our harnessing of the *intelligence* of such robots – would have grown to the level that we can do so with a reasonable chance of success?</p>
<p>I’m convinced we’ll have ways to integrate the strengths of both, maybe in the process merge humans with robots in a manner hard to imagine today. The result may be, as Danny Hillis suggests, robotizing of humans. I personally feel it will be the reverse, and we’ll find ‘humanoid’ robots, humans with the processing power of robots but essentially, in all non-technical aspects – emotions, feelings, intuition – human.</p>
<p>And far from being dystopian, that would be utopian, wouldn’t it ? Because it would retain what is the essence of *man*, while also retaining whatever is the upside of mechanization – intellectual superiority, immortality, technical excellence, productivity.</p>
<p>As I see it, this scenario is infinitely preferable to the one created by dabbling in genetic manipulations. After all, how much more dangerous to mankind could a destructive, super-intelligent robot be when compared to incarnations of evil in human form, as for instance the German Chancellor Adolf Hitler?</p>
<p>In genetics, as in Nature, no rules are concrete, knowledge of the whole is miniscule, and dabbling with one aspect could have immeasurable effects on many others. That is a cauldron which, if stirred wrong, could throw up nightmare situations I don’t even dare imagine.</p>
<p>Inequality among humans is an unpleasant fact of life. Trying to correct this by genetic manipulation is not the best answer. And so, if indeed such genetic engineering results in another species with unequal groups, would we have significantly altered the status quo in its very basic sense? No.</p>
<p>As regards using genetic engineering, I’m worried irrespective of the purpose – military, scientific, terrorist or accident. Because we don’t have the slightest idea of the impact on the entire ecosystem, or even in isolation on a particular species alone, over time.</p>
<p>Any modification or manipulation of Nature can be put to the best possible use. And truly enough, this is the motivation of the scientists seeking to unlock these secrets. And just as inevitably, there is the certainty that those very developments will be perverted by a minority to suit their narrow minded needs.</p>
<p>In the well publicized race to decode the human genome, you see evidence of this trend. While the Human Genome Project researchers followed a plodding, methodical process, maverick geniuses like Dr.Venter short-circuited the system rushing to decode only the functional genes with commercial potential. Therein lies the danger – as the silent, non-functional codons and genes just might hold the secret of Life. And we’d never know – until it was too late.</p>
<p>Nature, or God if you will, has planned for such variety – and built in the safeguards that will protect humanity – or as it might become known later, ‘humanoidity’.</p>
<p>While we can but plan for *foreseeable* dangers of technology and evolution, how can we predict what we don’t know about? For instance, how many would have imagined, just 10 years ago, the impact of the Internet on mankind? Robotics, nanotech and bioengineering are today what the Internet was to mankind a couple of decades earlier – wonders of the future with enormous potential for good and bad, of which we know but little, and can only hope the best.</p>
<p>There are far too many potential situations that could wipe out humanity as we know it, many of them eerily current, and dependent on such insecure safeguards as one man’s (or a small group’s collective) ego or intelligence. A lab accident could release the small-pox virus. A temporarily unbalanced President could hit the nuclear trigger. Lazy computer programmers avoided typing four digits for a year and scared the world into believing in a doomsday as the new millenium rolled in.</p>
<p>Yet they didn’t happen.  And – most probably – won’t ever.  Why?  I’d like to think because Nature ordains it that way!</p>
<p>Business covets a stable, peaceful environment more than does a military or government. It is more likely that a technological innovation with commercial benefits, developed by corporate enterprise, would be used for peaceful purposes than those invented by a military research lab for defensive, or as is more common, acquisitive intent.</p>
<p>Perhaps the marketplace, with its competitiveness and scope for enormous profits, will be the best safety check to prevent harmful application of the new technology. So let’s just ensure enormous business profitability from those technologies! And as for governments, the destructive potential itself will be the most effective deterrent against its damaging deployment, just as detente evolved as a direct consequence of the atomic bomb blasts.</p>
<p>While it is true that the ease of availability of this technology to the common man is disconcerting, is there any reason to believe Joe-next-door finds the prospect of annhilating human-kind any more exciting a prospect than leaders of nations?</p>
<p>As to the question of tampering with and altering the *awareness of Nature and the order of life*, doesn’t almost any scientific advance do just that, in a sense ?</p>
<p>Take for instance the treatment of a serious heart birth defect called Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome or HLHS. While initial efforts at cure resulted in over 95% mortality, it is perseverance that has brought about current survival figures in excess of 90%. Naturally, left alone, these patients would ALL have died within one year of life. Now if that isn’t tampering with the *order of life*, I don’t know what is!</p>
<p>Yet no one today criticizes the efforts of those early pioneers. Their initial efforts were just as inefficient, the systems they built were just as fragile to begin with, as today’s efforts with robotics and software are. But over time, these systems and processes become robust, stable, effective.</p>
<p>Do you know what is scary about this? No one seems to condemn these efforts as strongly as they did the first nuclear explosion, or cloning, or experiments at creating intelligent robots. Why? Because, on the surface, we are restoring health to a human life. No one pauses to wonder why, and indeed if, we should try and influence Nature’s course as it affects that one patient. It is taken for granted. Indeed to REFUSE to offer this treatment would be consider unethical!</p>
<p>What if there were some other, hitherto unknown, yet enormously serious *other* reasons for which that particular patient wouldn’t have survived *naturally* ? And what if those very other reasons – of which we do not know anything – could be harmful to the ecosystem, in a broader sense?</p>
<p>There are too many unknowns in the biologic arena, much more than the relatively better controlled area of robotics and automation technology. Yet we dabble uncaringly in these bio-spheres, indeed are even encouraged to continue doing so – simply because we see no harm in the near term. The same might be true of other tech fields – nanotechnology and robotics. And the trend will continue – until disaster strikes. And then, it will be too late to worry!</p>
<p>Yet we talk about shielding ourselves from the terrible consequences of these exciting new technologies. But the truth is we cannot shield ourselves, or hide from them by abandoning the planet or covering it with a star-wars style barrier. There is only one sure-fire way to *protect* ourselves, and that is to abandon any efforts at developing such technologies.</p>
<p>And that is absurd, on the face of it. Maybe even more dangerous as well, since a lack of progress can be construed as regression, and could reduce the survival advantage our species has built up over centuries.</p>
<p>Indeed, many of the advances made in earlier years by our forebears might have been viewed as *threatening* by their peers, been conceived as likely to annhilate the species at the time. Yet we are still alive to tell the tale, and none the worse for wear – indeed better off in many ways.</p>
<p>We live in an imperfect world. Yet that world hasn’t ended. Despite many predictions to the contrary, we have survived and thrived. Yes, I believe we are pre-programmed to survive, no matter what we need to do, how we need to change and evolve to do so.</p>
<p>And it is naive to assume that we can hold back now. Put the genie back into the bottle and throw it out to sea. Throttle the progress that has been made already.</p>
<p>Maybe that was possible a few decades ago. Now that Dolly has been cloned, Venter has patented significant chunks of Man’s genetic make-up and molecular electronics has risen on the horizon of techno-research, we have embarked on a journey of no return. The only relinquishment possible will be when one or many parties have achieved their ends.</p>
<p>But we still hold the rudder. We can navigate within safe seas, discover new lands, explore uncharted waters, play safe and do good. Or instead we could become the Grand Pirates of the ocean of life, attacking innocent passers-by, spreading death and destruction, and ultimately pay the supreme price of self-annhilation.</p>
<p><strong>As always, the choice is ours.</strong></p>
<p><strong>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<br />
</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,helvetica,sans serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,helvetica,sans serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">A Message From My Heart..</h1>
<p align="center"><strong><em>From Dr.Mani Sivasubramanian</em></strong></p>
<pre>Reader's Digest magazine influenced my life - twice.

In 1977, with a story about a living God.  A heart surgeon
named Denton A.Cooley.  He was glamorous, a pioneer and
entrepreneur.  Operated on princes, presidents and prime
ministers.  In all, over 75,000 operations.  Founded the
world-famous Texas Heart Institute in Houston.  

I wanted to be like him.

A 1989 issue I read during my medical internship featured
a neurosurgeon named Tom Peters.  One sentence in his
interview remains burned into my mind:

<strong>"I don't accept children dying."</strong>

This time, I didn't just *want* to be like him.

I LIVED LIKE HIM.

I too won't accept a child dying.  I made myself a promise.

Anything... ANYTHING that is within my power to prevent it
happening, I will do.

   = = = = = 

1989 - It was the year I grew up.

When I realized - and accepted - that life is unfair.

1989 was when a 22-year old held my hand as his life ebbed away

1989 was when I lost a loved 8-year old niece to an untreatable
kidney ailment

1989 was when I watched helplessly as a teenager succumbed to
a terrible severe viral infection.

It hurt.  Terribly.  Deeply.

And proved beyond doubt that life isn't fair.

But that's ok.

We just need to tweak the odds - in our favor.

That's what technological advances, evolution - indeed survival
itself - is all about.

<strong>Tweaking the odds in our favor.</strong>

   = = = = = 

A child's life is precious.  VERY precious.

It's loss - crushing.  Mind numbing.

It may be Nature's law - but I don't like it.

Never will.

I won't accept a child dying.

Many forms of heart birth defects make survival impossible.

Unless they're repaired.

That's one reason I became a pediatric heart surgeon.

Apart from the challenge, the technical, intellectual and
emotional puzzles the speciality poses its practitioners.

The latter, sadly, creates robots.  Unemotional automatons
that get caught up in their craft, forgetting or ignoring
the human element.  The stress, pain, trauma, helplessness
associated with the problem.

The COST.

Heart birth defects have a unique social dimension.  Young
families, just starting out on their careers and settling
down, with little if any financial cushion, suddenly are
confronted with a daunting choice...

Raise the money - often paralyzingly huge sums - or watch
your child suffer... or worse.

Most of my work online aims to tackle this facet of the
complex problem.

I can - and do - handle the medical and emotional elements.
But alone, I can't help with the financial ones.

That's why I need YOU.

The children do.

And thanks to the heartwarming generous outpouring from a
group of amazing folks, at least 23 children will live.
<blockquote>

<strong>Without you, they may not have.

YOU have made a difference.

YOU are special.

I'm honored to consider you my friend!</strong>

Thank you -- from my heart!</blockquote>

<strong><em>Dr.Mani Sivasubramanian</em></strong>

Thank you for supporting the Heart Kids Blogathon.
<a href="http://www.heartkidsblogathon.info/">http://www.HeartKidsBlogathon.info</a>

If you'd like to contribute, there's still time. Go to:
<a href="http://www.ezinemarketingcenter.com/blogathon/sponsorty.htm">

http://www.CHDinfo.com/howdonate.htm</a>

-------------------------------------------------------

<strong>MORE ABOUT Dr. Mani</strong>:

Dr. Mani: An Internet Mogul With a Heart

Dr. Mani Sivasubramanian has been compared to Mother Theresa, especially by
poor families in India that have a child living with a congenital heart
defect.

Dr. Sivasubramanian, better known simply as "Dr. Mani," is a well known
author that handles health-related topics online. His first calling in life
was cardiology. He has performed lifesaving heart operations for numerous
children.

Already impacted by the work of heart surgeon Dr. Denton A. Cooley, founder
of the Texas Heart Institute, Dr. Mani had made a decision to become a heart
surgeon himself. In 1989 Dr. Mani read a quote in a medical journal by a
neurosurgeon named Dr. Tom Peters, who said: "I don't accept children
dying." Dr. Mani realized he didn't accept children dying either.

In fact, that same year Dr. Mani lost his own eight year old niece to kidney
disease. He regularly watched other children and young people die from
illness. He had watched as doctors that he worked with became hardened to
death and suffering. He vowed that, even though he witnessed suffering every
day, death would not become just a routine part of his job as a physician.

Dr. Mani knew he that, as a heart surgeon, he could make a tremendous impact
on the lives of children with congenital heart defects. But he wasn't
satisfied with simply staying in the hospital and wielding a scalpel. He
wanted to get involved with the families of the children, real human beings,
whose lives were turned upside-down by the misfortune of being born with a
heart defect.

So, in 2003, he launched the Dr. Mani Children Heart Foundation. Dr. Mani
also became a well known and award winning Internet and business
entrepreneur. He has raised over $84,000 to provide life saving heart
operations for children whose families could not otherwise afford the
operations. The children helped by Dr. Mani's foundation would likely have
died without his intervention.

Dr. Mani continues to raise awareness about congenital heart disease around
the world. His foundation maintains a growing base of supporters, currently
at approximately 700 members. He also sponsors major fundraising events. One
of these is The Heart Kids Blogathon, an annual event which was started in
2003. He and his foundation are also an integral part of "A Day for Hearts,"
a fundraising event that falls on February 14 each year. The day is
dedicated to raising awareness of, and generating support for, congenital
heart disease.

Dr. Mani accepts that life isn't always fair. But he also knows that it only
takes a little bit of dedication to "tweak the odds in our favor."

Copyright © 2009 www.dr-mani.com inc. All rights reserved.</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/mission/cv.htm">Curriculum Vitae<br />
</a></h1>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,helvetica,sans serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/mission/cv.htm">Dr. Mani</a></h1>
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		<title>The New Wealth Creators</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/the-new-wealth-creators/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/the-new-wealth-creators/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 18:59:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
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social enterpreneurs
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They put society above self. They use entrepreneurial means to drive social change. These 50 social entrepreneurs are enriching the nation.
Naren Karunakaran






























IN THIS STORY:









Who Is A Social Entrepreneur?

















What if a million issues found a million crusaders? What if each one of us transformed into a social entrepreneur? What if each one of us [...]]]></description>
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<input id="ctl00_cphpagemiddle_hffeedbacktypeid" name="ctl00$cphpagemiddle$hffeedbacktypeid" type="hidden" value="1" />social enterpreneurs</div>
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<div>They put society above self. They use <a class="zem_slink" title="Entrepreneur" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur">entrepreneurial</a> means to drive social change. These 50 social entrepreneurs are enriching the nation.</div>
<div id="ctl00_cphpagemiddle_reparticle_ctl00_divartbyline"><a href="http://business.outlookindia.com/peoplefnl.aspx?pid=1117&amp;author=Naren+Karunakaran">Naren Karunakaran</a></div>
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<td><span style="font-family: verdana; color: #000000; font-size: x-small;"><strong>IN THIS STORY:</strong></span></td>
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<div><a id="ctl00_cphpagemiddle_reparticle_ctl00_repinthisstorytop_ctl00_hlinthisstoryheadline" href="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261383">Who Is A Social Entrepreneur?</a></div>
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<div id="ctl00_cphpagemiddle_reparticle_ctl00_divfullstorytext"><span>W</span>hat if a million issues found a million crusaders? What if each one of us transformed into a social entrepreneur? What if each one of us picked up one of the many intractable challenges confronting society, and tried to address it, in ways small or big? It’s a powerful thought indeed, perhaps a far-fetched one, a pie in the sky. The 50 people whose work, mindset and philosophy this special issue shines a light on may not think so. Chiselling away at solutions and bringing them within the realm of the possible is what these 50 people have demonstrated. Their tribe is growing. Stan and Marie Thekaekara from the Gudalur Valley of <a class="zem_slink" title="Tamil Nadu" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=13.09,80.27&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=13.09,80.27%20%28Tamil%20Nadu%29&amp;t=h">Tamil Nadu</a> are trying to humanise globalisation by linking adivasis from tea plantations with low-income enclaves in Europe. Dharavi’s <a class="zem_slink" title="Jockin Arputham" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockin_Arputham">Jockin Arputham</a> is enabling slums dwellers in <a class="zem_slink" title="Rio de Janeiro" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-22.9083333333,-43.1963888889&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=-22.9083333333,-43.1963888889%20%28Rio%20de%20Janeiro%29&amp;t=h">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Johannesburg and <a class="zem_slink" title="Phnom Penh" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=11.55,104.916666667&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=11.55,104.916666667%20%28Phnom%20Penh%29&amp;t=h">Phnom Penh</a> to craft housing and hygiene infrastructure solutions on their own.In Mumbai, Anurag Gupta of A Little World uses mobile networks to enable banks, financial institutions and governments to conduct financial transactions with over 3.5 million people spread across 8,300 gram panchayats in 22 states. It’s yielding amazing dividends for him and the people embraced by the technology.</p>
<p><strong>The New Changemakers</strong></p>
<p><a class="zem_slink" title="Bill Drayton" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Drayton">Bill Drayton</a> too believes in the ocean-like expansiveness of crusaders. He also believes that our future depends a great deal on seeding millions of such men and women. It’s difficult to cast away Drayton’s conviction as the yearnings of an incorrigible romanticist. After all, he’s the one who coined the term ‘social entrepreneur’ in the 1980s, much before it became fashionable and entered popular lexicon.</p>
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<td><img src="http://cms.outlookindia.com/images/articles/outlookbusiness/2009/9/5/Thumb_Bill.jpg" alt="" align="left" /><span>&#8220;The young can lead social change by starting small. It’s about moving ideas from local adaptations to pattern changes in society&#8230;I’d like to see the day when 20-30% of young Indians are changemakers before 21.&#8221;<span><span>—Bill Drayton, CEO and founder, <a class="zem_slink" title="Ashoka: Innovators for the Public" rel="homepage" href="http://www.ashoka.org">Ashoka: Innovators For The Public</a></span></span></span></td>
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<p><a name="Blurb1"></a>Drayton began by defining the term ‘social entrepreneur’ in a simple way: “men and women with system-changing solutions for the world’s most urgent social problems.” He went on to create Ashoka: Innovators For The Public, a vibrant community of over 2,000 social entrepreneurs across 60 countries. Ashoka provides professional support and funds to social entrepreneurs in their early days. The late Anil Agarwal of the Centre For Science And Environment was one of the first Ashoka fellows in <a class="zem_slink" title="India" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=28.5666666667,77.2&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=28.5666666667,77.2%20%28India%29&amp;t=h">India</a>, in 1982. Since then, an eclectic lot of over 300 have got the fellowship, including a large posse of <a class="zem_slink" title="Human rights" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights">human-rights</a> activists, who wouldn’t really fit in the present day construct of a social entrepreneur.Ashoka fellows, typically, are of the grassroots variety. They are different from the emerging lot of social entrepreneurs, who craft ventures that seek solutions for bottom-of-the-pyramid consumers through a variety of products and services—solar lighting, community water plants, low-cost healthcare, and the like.</p>
<p>Now, in a game-changing move, Drayton, the high priest of the global social entrepreneurship movement, is crafting a broader category. He roots for the word ‘changemaker’. He has devised a programme christened the Youth Venture, which embodies his vision of “everyone a changemaker”.</p>
<p>He is beginning to foster a global ecosystem for the young, even teenagers, by telling them that they too can lead social change by starting small. “It’s about moving ideas from local adaptations to pattern changes in society,” he says. The youth under the programme are expected to gain skills and confidence to remain powerful change-agents long into their adult lives. Ashok Rathod, a 20-year-old from a chawl in Mumbai, runs a football club for school dropouts. He is from the new breed that Drayton has taken under his wings.</p>
<p>Drayton believes the progress of a country, city, or even a company or organisation, will depend a great deal on the number of changemakers thrown up by the system. “Why is Bangalore a successful city,” he asks, and also proffers an answer, “because it’s attractive to changemakers.” The 66-year-old has set himself a tall task: he would like to see the day when 20-30% of young Indians are changemakers before they turn 21.</p>
<p><strong>Touching Lives</strong></p>
<p>While we wait for the new crop to emerge, we have attempted to showcase the work of 50 inspirational social entrepreneurs who have, over the years, changed forever the lives of the people they have touched.</p>
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<td><img src="http://cms.outlookindia.com/images/articles/outlookbusiness/2009/9/5/Thumb_Vineet.jpg" alt="" align="left" /><span>&#8220;Social entrepreneurs have to be self-destroying entities. We have to morph  into commercial entities. Otherwise, we have no reason to exist. We are basically transitioning products.&#8221;<span><span>—Vineet Rai, founder and CEO, Aavishkaar India Micro Venture Capital Fund</span></span></span></td>
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<p><a name="Blurb2"></a>These 50 deploy entrepreneurial strategies to drive social change. They are a bunch of “unreasonable people”, as John Elkington of the think-tank SustainAbility and Pamela Hartigan of the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship in Oxford like to describe the tribe. Several from the list have a public profile, many continue to work unmindful of recognition.They are not a preserve of innovative Bangalore alone. They can be found across the country, in Spiti Valley of the Himalayas, the highlands of the Nilgiris, in the remote interiors of our states, in the dry Thar, in municipal dumping grounds, in slums of Mumbai, in low-cost hospitals, in artisan clusters, on shop floors…</p>
<p>There are veterans who started work long before they were even recognised as social entrepreneurs and whose influence runs beyond India’s borders. Ela Bhatt of Sewa, the ‘gentle revolutionary’ is one of The Elders, a global grouping of 10 leaders put together by Nelson Mandela. Ashok Khosla of Development Alternatives is President of the Club of Rome, a global think-tank on development challenges. Bunker Roy is helping conflict-torn Afghanistan with renewable-energy solutions.</p>
<p>The Indian elders have apparently inspired shoals of the younger lot. Some of them are educated in Ivy League universities, IITs and IIMs, and are former bankers, consultants and technocrats. Some of them are utterly unlettered. They are all ushering in disruptive innovations in the social space.</p>
<p>Kaushlendra is perfecting a vegetables supply chain in Patna. Solomon JP and Gayatri from Bangalore are addressing the challenges of migration and skills. Varun Sahni and Anant Kumar are rolling out a low-cost maternal care hospital every 27 days. Nedjip Tozun of D.Light Design is tweaking a model to manufacture millions of solar lanterns. Kousalya Periasamy is the face and voice of thousands of HIV-positive women across India.</p>
<p>The list is only representative of the wonderful work being done by social entrepreneurs. There are scores who merited being here, but didn’t make it for space reasons. In the limited space we have, we have attempted to present a diversity of activities undertaken by social entrepreneurs—education and skilling, livelihood generation, agriculture, healthcare, water and sanitation, responsible tourism, renewable energy, disaster management, and more.</p>
<p>What we have deliberately left out is microfinance. In recent years, microfinance has turned into a veritable industry with its own ecosystem. Vikram Akula of SKS Microfinance, the scale-up warrior, and Vijay Mahajan of Basix, who intertwines livelihood approaches with microfinance, are sorely missed on these pages. Both are exemplary social entrepreneurs. In many ways, it was microfinance that turned the attention of mainstream businesses and investors to the immense possibilities in the social sector.</p>
<p>As microfinance triggered the interest of mainstream investors, the economic meltdown is also doing its bit in reshaping a world order favourable to social entrepreneurs. “Capitalism, which focused only on the generation of wealth hitherto, will now have to concentrate on the issue of wealth distribution too,” says Vineet Rai, founder and CEO of Aavishkaar India Micro Venture Capital Fund and also the moving spirit behind Sankalp, a forum for social enterprises and investors.</p>
<p><strong>New Capitalism</strong></p>
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<td><img src="http://cms.outlookindia.com/images/articles/outlookbusiness/2009/9/5/Thumb_Pamela.jpg" alt="" align="left" /><span>&#8220;It’s a hugely exciting time…this (new capitalism) is fertile ground for creating a ‘phoenix economy’ that rises from the ashes of the old, driven by accelerating entrepreneurial approaches and disruptive innovations.&#8221;<span><span>—Pamela Hartigan, Director, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship</span></span></span></td>
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<p><a name="Blurb3"></a>The future of capitalism is being redrawn for a more “inclusive” or even a “creative” one, as Bill Gates put it. In the new order, social entrepreneurs are expected to play an integral role in laying the road ahead. “This is fertile ground for creating a ‘phoenix economy’ that rises from the ashes of the old, driven by accelerating entrepreneurial approaches and disruptive innovations, including new technologies, new business models, new laws and regulations, all geared towards creating new market systems,” says Pamela Hartigan of the Skoll Centre. “It’s a hugely exciting time.”Rai and Hartigan also nurse the rather radical hope that, in the not too distant future, the distinction between a social venture and most businesses will vanish. “Who would have thought they would hear Jack Welch say ‘maximising shareholder value is the dumbest thing in the world’,” asks Hartigan.</p>
<p>Successful companies of the future will be those that generate a unique value proposition: one that appeals to the hearts of all its stakeholders, not just shareholders keen on profit maximisation. While companies, big and small, grow social shoots, on the other end, social enterprises are expected to eventually resemble commercial enterprises.</p>
<p>SKS Microfinance was a traditional NGO till about 2005. It reinvented itself as an enterprise and is now bang in the middle of a transition. Some say it’s now more commercial and businesslike in its approach than many traditional businesses. “Social entrepreneurs have to be self-destroying entities. We have to morph into commercial entities. Otherwise, we have no reason to exist. We are transitioning products,” insists Rai.</p>
<p><strong>‘Patient Capital’</strong></p>
<p>The times indeed are changing. We know it’s truly changing when the finance guys get into the act. “Change first happens on the operating side. Finance is a laggard. They follow,” says Drayton.</p>
<p>A whole new investing edifice is now being catalysed by big names in global finance, including the US-based Rockefeller Foundation. It is being described as ‘impact investing’ or ‘patient capital’. The emerging industry comprises of investors endeavouring to generate financial return, and social and environmental value.</p>
<p>Impact investors offer a bridge between traditional philanthropy and the capital markets. “Impact investors are willing to provide seed funding to an enterprise to refine a business model or take first-loss position to reduce the risk of an investment,” says Antony Bugg-Levine, Managing Director, Rockefeller Foundation.</p>
<p>Again, SKS comes to mind. In its initial years, a band of investors with a soul chaperoned it with small sums of money. Later, mainstream investors like Sequoia Capital, with no social conscience whatsoever, took over and are now taking the company to stratospheric heights. The model apparently works.</p>
<p>“We are looking at timelines of even nine years before we exit an investee company,” says Varun Sahni, India Director, Acumen Fund, as if to reinforce the ‘patient’ in patient capital. Funds like Acumen, which has invested $20 million in 12 Indian social enterprises, are comfortable with compounded returns of 6-8%.</p>
<p>A recent study by the US-based Monitor Institute says the impact-investing industry could be as big as $500 billion within the next decade. Quaintly, it’s a philanthropic foundation that is leading the charge to catalyse the industry. “With the advent of a strong impact-investing market, philanthropy’s limited resources can be focused laser-like on where we are most needed: to fund crucial activities markets will never fund,” says Bugg-Levine. “These include movements for social justice, human-rights campaigns, and outreach to the most poor and remote communities.”</p>
<p><strong>Social Businesses</strong></p>
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<td><img src="http://cms.outlookindia.com/images/articles/outlookbusiness/2009/9/5/Thumb_Antony.jpg" alt="" align="left" /><span>&#8220;With the advent of a strong impact-investing market, philanthropy’s more limited resources can then be focused laser-like on where we are most needed: to fund crucial activities the markets will never fund.&#8221;<span><span>—Antony Bugg-Levine, Managing Director, Rockefeller Foundation</span></span></span></td>
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<p><a name="Blurb4"></a>The financial sector is undergoing a churn. Businesses and the social sector are responding with an amazing variety of hybrid models. NGOs are partnering corporations in a more comprehensive and uninhibited manner, and are metamorphosing in strange ways to link with market systems. These hybrids, more often than not, combine a commercial activity with service provision and even social activism. Looks like the most viable and sustainable approach to social progress is partnerships between NGOs, government, business corporations and philanthropic outfits. Boundaries are clearly blurring.Bill Drayton is certain the proliferation of hybrid value chains (HVCs) is the most innovative structural change to happen in decades. In Mexico, Cemex, a large cement company, provides low-cost engineering services to slum dwellers who save up money for cement to rebuild their homes. Lafarge, a multinational, and several others are now cementing ties with such communities.</p>
<p>Swayam Shikshan Prayog, a Mumbai-based NGO, is not only co-creating innovative products for rural markets with Godrej &amp; Boyce, but is also helping the company market them. Hybrids now seem an imperative not only for not-for-profits, but also for corporations. “Companies not engaged in HVCs are exposing themselves to grave risks,” warns Drayton. Socially relevant projects are now good business.</p>
<p>Interestingly, companies engaged in renewable energy, waste recycling—the cleantech companies, so to speak—are also being bracketed as social enterprises. This is despite the fact that many entered the space because they saw a business opportunity, and not because they nursed a social heart.</p>
<p>So, is Pramod Chaudhuri of Praj Industries, the green fuels company, or Tulsi Tanti of Suzlon, the wind energy giant, a social entrepreneur? Yes, in a generous sense. They do address some pressing, socially relevant global challenges. But to bracket them with, say, Harish Hande of Selco India, who provides solar-energy solutions to underserved rural households, would be incongruent. “Selco is social-focused and is addressing the most difficult part of the business. That’s why he is different,” says Aavishkaar’s Rai.</p>
<p>Hande doesn’t just sell solar solutions. He focuses on livelihoods of the poor households he serves. Women who purchased solar lamps to fix on their sewing machines realised they could sew more garments now that they also had the night. They turned to Hande to find markets for them, although it’s not his mandate to do so. You know a social entrepreneur when you see one.</p>
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		<description><![CDATA[
His Royal Highness Prince Hassan Bin Talal about a new global Mega Project:

&#8220;More than 40 years ago the Apollo Space Program was launched to fulfill the
old dream of taking man into outer space. Today, we have a bigger dream, to
restore balance between man and his home planet, Earth. With the political
will, EUMENA countries could now [...]]]></description>
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<p>His Royal Highness <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hassan_bin_Talal" title="Prince Hassan bin Talal" rel="wikipedia">Prince Hassan Bin Talal</a> about a new global Mega Project:</p>
<p>
&#8220;More than 40 years ago the Apollo Space Program was launched to fulfill the<br />
old dream of taking man into outer space. Today, we have a bigger dream, to<br />
restore balance between man and his home planet, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth" rel="wikipedia">Earth</a>. With the political<br />
will, EUMENA countries could now launch an Apollo-like “EUMENA-DESERTEC”<br />
Program, to bring humankind back into balance with its environment, by<br />
putting deserts and technology into service for energy, water and climate<br />
security. This would be an important step towards creating a truly<br />
sustainable civilization.&#8221;</p>
<p><b><a href="http://www.desertec.org/en/concept/summary/">Summary of the Desertec<br />
Concept up to 2050</a></b></p>
<p>We want to act as “awareness raiser”, “catalyst” and “barrier remover” to<br />
pave the way for DESERTEC developments. One of the most useful things we can<br />
do is to work with national governments and political bodies like the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" rel="wikipedia">EU</a> and<br />
similar bodies all over the world, to create the right framework of laws and<br />
regulations, and to ensure that there is a good framework of incentives for<br />
DESERTEC developments. Since the DESERTEC Concept can serve as key part of<br />
any scenario for <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development" rel="wikipedia">sustainable development</a> in a world with 10 billion people,<br />
it will be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders. An important<br />
function of the DESERTEC Foundation will be to serve as a think tank and<br />
forum for the exchange of ideas and for discussion of relevant issues.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.dw-world.de/popups/popup_single_mediaplayer/0,,3956298_type_video_struct_12429_contentId_3870691,00.html">Marhaba Africa!</a></p>
<p>CNN trailer about the vision of Dr. Gerhard Knies and the science network<br />
TREC who developed the DESERTEC Concept for energy, climate and human<br />
security.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/QXURvISjh2A&amp;color1=0xb1b1b1&amp;color2=0xcfcfcf&amp;feature=player_embedded&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QXURvISjh2A&amp;color1=0xb1b1b1&amp;color2=0xcfcfcf&amp;feature=player_embedded&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></p>
<p> &nbsp;</p>
<p> <b>DESERTEC RED PAPER</b></p>
<h3>
<img src="http://www.desertec.org/typo3temp/GB/c4f4631638.gif" alt="The Concept at a glance" title="The Concept at a glance" width="165" height="22"></h3>
<p>
<i>&#8220;In the coming decades, global developments will confront mankind with<br />
unprecedented challenges: climate change, a population growth far beyond<br />
Earth‘s present carrying capacity, the global striving for prosperity, and<br />
increasing demands for energy and water, are the core problems we are faced<br />
with. 200 years of global industrialization has resulted in an unparalleled<br />
standard of living and an increased life expectancy for part of the world’s<br />
population. However, all this has been and is still being achieved at a<br />
price: alarming environmental destruction as well as climate change which<br />
can no longer be ignored. These things will mean dramatic changes to life on<br />
Earth in the future.&#8221;</i><br />
&nbsp;</p>
<p> <b>Download it now:<br />
<a href="http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/DESERTEC_RedPaper_2nd_en.pdf">&nbsp;English</a><br />
-&nbsp;<br />
<a href="http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/DESERTEC_RedPaper_2nd_fr.pdf">French</a></b></p>
<p>Concept Summary The DESERTEC Concept describes the perspective of a<br />
sustainable supply of electricity for Europe (EU), the Middle East (ME) and<br />
North Africa (NA) up to the year 2050. It shows that a transition to<br />
competitive, secure and compatible supply is possible using renewable energy<br />
sources and efficiency gains, and fossil fuels as <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power" rel="wikipedia">backup</a> for balancing<br />
power. A close cooperation between EU and MENA for market introduction of<br />
renewable energy and interconnection of electricity grids by high-voltage<br />
direct-current transmission are keys for economic and physical survival of<br />
the whole region. However, the necessary measures will take at least two<br />
decades to become effective.</p>
<p>Therefore, adequate policy and economic frameworks for their realization<br />
must be introduced immediately. The role of sustainable energy to secure<br />
freshwater supplies based on seawater desalination is also addressed. In<br />
order to find a viable transition to an electricity supply that is<br />
inexpensive, compatible with the environment and based on secure resources,<br />
rigorous criteria must be applied to ensure that the results are compatible<br />
with a comprehensive definition of sustainability. A central criterion for<br />
power generation is its availability at any moment on demand.</p>
<p>Today, this is achieved by consuming stored fossil or nuclear energy sources<br />
that can provide electricity whenever and wherever required. This is the<br />
easiest way to provide power on demand. However, consuming the stored energy<br />
reserves of the globe has a high price: they are quickly depleted and their<br />
residues contaminate the planet. With the exception of hydropower, natural<br />
flows of energy are not widely used for power generation today, because they<br />
are not as easily stored and exploited as fossil or nuclear fuels.</p>
<p>Some of them can be stored with a reasonable technical effort for a limited<br />
time-span, but others must be taken as provided by nature. The challenge of<br />
future electricity supply is to find a mix of available technologies and<br />
resources that is capable of satisfying not only the criterion of “power on<br />
demand”, but all the other criteria for sustainability too. The DESERTEC<br />
WhiteBook describes a scenario of electricity demand and supply<br />
opportunities by renewable energy in the integrated EUMENA region up to the<br />
middle of the century, and confirms the importance of international<br />
cooperation to achieve economic and environmental sustainability. You can<br />
download various summaries of the DESERTEC Concept and the studies by<br />
clicking to following link:<br />
<b><br />
<a href="http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/DESERTEC-WhiteBook_en_small.pdf"><br />
DOWNLOAD THE WHITEBOOK</a></b></p>
<p><b> <b>Follow DESERTEC </b>on <a href="http://www.twitter.com/desertec">&nbsp;Twitter</a> and<br />
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/DESERTEC/71899751457">Facebook</a></b></p>
<div id="content-holder">
<b>  <!--TYPO3SEARCH_begin--><br />
</b>
<div id="content">
<div class="teaser teaser-1">
<div class="text">
<h1>
<b>        <img src="http://www.desertec.org/typo3temp/GB/b9569083ed.gif" alt="Concept" title="Concept" width="67" height="16"></b></h1>
<h2>
<b>        <img src="http://www.desertec.org/typo3temp/GB/f774fee5ff.gif" alt="Studies" title="Studies" width="99" height="25"></b></h2>
<div class="floatbox">
<p class="bodytext">
TREC was founded with the goal of providing clean, cost efficient energy for<br />
EU-MENA as soon as possible and based on economic cooperation between the<br />
countries in the region. TREC sees the power from deserts as a supplement to<br />
European sources of renewable energy and as a means of speeding up the<br />
process of cutting European emissions of CO2 and increasing the security of<br />
European energy supplies.</p>
<p>For people in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA" title="MENA" rel="wikipedia">Middle East and North Africa</a> (MENA) this would mean<br />
plentiful supplies of clean electricity, jobs, earnings, an improved<br />
infrastructure, potential for the desalination of sea water, and several<br />
potential benefits (e.g. for agriculture) from the shade provided by solar<br />
(fresnel) collectors. TREC has been involved in the conduct of three studies<br />
which have evaluated the potential of renewables in MENA, the expected needs<br />
for water and power in EU-MENA between now and 2050 and issues relating to<br />
the construction of an electricity transmission grid connecting the EU and<br />
MENA (EU-MENA-Connection).</p>
<p>Those three studies were commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for the<br />
Environment, Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) with the German<br />
Aerospace Center (DLR) taking the lead. These ‘MED-CSP’ and ‘TRANS-CSP’<br />
studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006. The ‘AQUA-CSP’ study covering<br />
aspects of solar desalination was completed towards the end of 2007.<br />
Satellite-based studies by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) have shown<br />
that, by using less than 0.3% of the entire desert area of the MENA region,<br />
enough electricity and desalinated seawater can be produced to meet the<br />
growing needs of these countries and of Europe.</p>
<p>Power generation from wind energy is particularly attractive in Morocco and<br />
in areas around the Red Sea. Solar and wind power can be transmitted<br />
throughout the region via High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission<br />
lines, and to Europe with transmission losses up to 15%. The new Union for<br />
the Mediterranean, including many countries in MENA, is interested in this<br />
kind of cooperation.<br />
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="teaser teaser-1">
<div class="text">
<h1>
<b>        <img src="http://www.desertec.org/typo3temp/GB/0e592af050.gif" alt="Greenpeace Report" title="Greenpeace Report" width="145" height="16"></b></h1>
<h2>
<b>        <img src="http://www.desertec.org/typo3temp/GB/64fcd27dff.gif" alt="Global Concentrating Solar Power Outlook 2009" title="Global Concentrating Solar Power Outlook 2009" width="665" height="25"></b></h2>
<div class="floatbox">
<p class="bodytext">&nbsp;Greenpeace International recently issued its report<br />
&#8220;Global Concentrating<br />
Solar Power Outlook 2009&#8243; which shows that the DESERTEC Concept &#8220;Clean Power<br />
from Deserts&#8221; is feasable worldwide.</p>
<p>&#8220;We now are delighted to say &#8220;CSP has taken off&#8221;, is about to step out of<br />
the shadow of other renewable technologies and can establish itself as the<br />
third biggest player in the sustainable power generation industry.</p>
<p>CSP does not compete against other renewable energies; it is an additional<br />
one that is now economically viable.&#8221;, said Sven Teske, Renewable Energy<br />
Director from Greenpeace International and co-author of the report.</p>
<p>&nbsp;<a target="_top" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/releases/concentrating-solar-power-250509"><br />
          See Greenpeace Website </a>
        </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b> <b><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/DESERTEC/71899751457">&nbsp;</a></b></b></p>
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		<title>Get Down to Business by Jacques Attali</title>
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		<description><![CDATA[Get Down to Business
Original date of publication (French) June 3d  2009 7:21 &#124; by 
JACQUES ATTALI



Contrary to what they want us to
believe, the crisis deepens: in the United
States, all deficits are rising; banks defaulting are worsening, and even if
Wall Street is up, its value is still 40% lower than that of October 2007.
In addition,everyone [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Get Down to Business</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Original date of publication (French) June 3d  2009 7:21 | by</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Attali"> </a><strong><span class="byline vcard"><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/">JACQUES ATTALI</a>
<ul>
</ul>
<p></span></span></strong></p>
<p><font style="font-size: 8pt;" face="Tahoma">Contrary to what they want us to<br />
believe, the crisis deepens: in the United<br />
States, all deficits are rising; banks defaulting are worsening, and even if<br />
Wall Street is up, its value is still 40% lower than that of October 2007.<br />
In addition,everyone whispers within informed circles, that we should expect<br />
many more tsunamis: on private real estate loans, on credit cards, and on<br />
commercial real estate.</p>
<p>In response, the United States, in a crazy bet, is investing money it does<br />
not have in leading sectors. And China, in an equally bold gamble, is<br />
abandoning all hope of an upturn in its exports to America and is investing<br />
in a huge economic revival, 20% of its <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product" rel="wikipedia">GDP</a> in domestic infrastructure.</p>
<p>Europe in return, does nothing. Paralyzed by its history and its caution it<br />
prefers to believe the crisis will solve itself. Having invested on reform<br />
of global governance, which of course the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5077777778,-0.128055555556&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=51.5077777778,-0.128055555556%20%28London%29&amp;t=h" title="London" rel="geolocation">London</a> comedy did not give birth,<br />
it seems now waiting for the market to bring out of its pocket a miracle<br />
cure. Deprived of bold leaders in Brussels, the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" rel="wikipedia">EU</a> does not give itself any<br />
new means to protect its banks, or to revitalize its leading sectors. 2008<br />
and 2009 will remain as the years of European void. The euro itself will not<br />
resist such a shock.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s about time for <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.8666666667,2.3265&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=48.8666666667,2.3265%20%28France%29&amp;t=h" title="France" rel="geolocation">France</a> to understand that at this pace, the worst is<br />
almost certain: a declining <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate" rel="wikipedia">real estate market</a>, a surplus of production<br />
capacity in key sectors, a recession in 2009, 2010 and even 2011,<br />
unemployment will exceed 3.5 million people, the budget deficit will reach,<br />
despite all the makeup, 8 or even 10% of GDP, unless taxes are massively<br />
increased, which will be extremely difficult, with the presidential<br />
elections coming, the technical and scientific elites will revolt or will<br />
leave, disgusted by the revelation of fortunes made in finance.</p>
<p>We must confront a difficult reality, repeat it every day until we<br />
understand it: If the government does not act massively, in a real<br />
revolutionary way, recession will be there for at least ten years, it will<br />
lead Europe and France to fall behind, forever distanced by countries that<br />
will have understood the importance of the revolutions in progress.</p>
<p>Action therefore means to boost massively the industry by targeted spending<br />
on promising sectors: health, energy, agriculture, infrastructure,<br />
environment, new materials, softwares, nanotechnology , neuroscience,<br />
cutting-edge services and cultural industries. And in order to do so<br />
increase significantly the salaries of researchers, professors, doctors,<br />
engineers, meaning all those who bring their creativity to countries. At the<br />
expense, if necessary, of the incomes and the privileges of those who lead<br />
them, finance them or entertain them. It&#8217;s accepting temporarily targeted<br />
deficits to fund these expenditures of the future. It is promoting new<br />
business models that are more mindful of the long term, and close to those<br />
of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization" rel="wikipedia">NGOs</a> and public services, it is to direct the world of finance toward<br />
risk-taking in sectors based on the long term, and not toward profit for<br />
itself.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not a new recovery plan that we need, but a true awareness of the<br />
cultural and political urgencies. And in particular a radical questioning of<br />
the division of powers between those who create and those who finance, the<br />
condition, once again, of our survival.</font></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><br />
<strong style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
Translation from French made possible with permission of Mr. <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Attali" title="Jacques Attali" rel="wikipedia">Jacques Attali</a></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><br />
<strong style="font-weight: 400;"><br />
<a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali">http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/</a></p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><br />
<strong style="font-weight: 400;"><br />
Mr. Jacques Attali Jacques Attali (born 1 November 1943 in Algiers, Algeria)<br />
is a French economist and scholar. From 1981 to 1991, he was an advisor to<br />
President <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand" rel="wikipedia">François Mitterrand</a>, In April 1991 he became the first President<br />
of the London-based European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the<br />
financial institution established by western governments to assist the<br />
countries of eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union in their<br />
transition to democratic market economies. He worked at the bank until 1993.<br />
In 1998 Attali founded the French non-profit organization <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlaNet_Finance" title="PlaNet Finance" rel="wikipedia">PlaNet Finance</a><br />
which focuses on microfinance. Attali is perhaps best known in America as<br />
the author of Noise: The Political Economy of Music. More Info:</p>
<p><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/about.php"></p>
<p>http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/about.php</a></p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<br />
Original Post: (French)</p>
<p><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/">http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/</a><br />
</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><br />
<strong style="font-weight: 400;"><br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><font size="5" face="Times New Roman">Passer aux choses sérieuses</font><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><font size="5"><br />
</font></span><br />
</strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><font size="5"><br />
</font><br />
</strong></span></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8pt;"></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Tahoma;"><strong style="font-weight: 400;">3 juin 2009 7h21 | par JACQUES ATTALI</p>
<p>
Contrairement à ce qu’on voudrait faire croire, la crise s’approfondit&nbsp;: aux<br />
Etats-Unis, tous les déficits augmentent&nbsp;; les défauts des banques<br />
s’aggravent&nbsp;; et même si Wall Street est en hausse, sa valeur est encore 40%<br />
inférieure à celle d’octobre 2007. De plus, chacun murmure, dans les cercles<br />
informés, qu’il faut s’attendre à bien d’autres tsunamis&nbsp;: sur les crédits<br />
immobiliers privés, sur les cartes de crédit, et sur l’immobilier<br />
commercial.</p>
<p>Pour y répondre, les Etats-Unis, dans un pari fou, investissent l’argent<br />
qu’ils n’ont pas dans les secteurs de pointe. Et la Chine, dans un pari tout<br />
aussi audacieux, abandonne tout espoir d’une reprise de ses exportations<br />
vers l’Amérique et investit, dans une relance gigantesque, 20% de son PIB en<br />
infrastructures internes.</p>
<p>L’Europe, face à cela, ne fait rien. Paralysée par son histoire et par ses<br />
prudences, elle préfère croire que la crise va se régler d’elle-même. Ayant<br />
tout misé sur une réforme de la gouvernance mondiale, dont la comédie de<br />
Londres n’a naturellement pas accouché, elle semble désormais attendre que<br />
le marché sorte de sa poche un remède miracle. Privée de dirigeants<br />
audacieux à Bruxelles , l’Union ne se donne aucun moyen nouveau ni pour<br />
protéger ses banques, ni pour relancer ses secteurs de pointe. 2008 et 2009<br />
resteront comme les années du néant européen. L’euro lui-même ne résistera<br />
pas à un tel choc.</p>
<p>Il est temps pour la France de comprendre que, à ce rythme là, le pire est<br />
presque certain&nbsp;: un marché immobilier en baisse &nbsp;; une surcapacité de<br />
production dans les grands secteurs&nbsp;; une récession en 2009, 2010, et même<br />
de 2011&nbsp;; le chômage dépassera les 3,5 millions de personnes&nbsp;; le déficit<br />
budgétaire atteindra , malgré tous les maquillages, les 8 ou même les 10 %<br />
du PIB, à moins d’augmenter massivement les impôts, ce qui sera de plus en<br />
plus difficile, avec l’approche des élections présidentielles&nbsp;; les élites<br />
scientifiques et techniques se révolteront ou partiront, écœurées par la<br />
révélation des fortunes faites dans la finance .</p>
<p>Il faut affronter une réalité difficile, la répéter tous les jours, jusqu’à<br />
ce qu’on la comprenne&nbsp;: Si le pouvoir politique n’agit pas massivement, de<br />
façon véritablement révolutionnaire, la récession est là pour au moins dix<br />
ans&nbsp;; elle débouchera sur un décrochage de l’Europe et de la France, à<br />
jamais distancées par les pays qui auront compris l’importance des<br />
révolutions en cours.</p>
<p>Agir, c’est donc relancer massivement l’industrie par des dépenses<br />
clairement ciblées sur les secteurs d’avenir&nbsp;: la santé, l’énergie,<br />
l’agriculture, les infrastructures, l’environnement, les nouveaux matériaux,<br />
les logiciels, les nanotechnologies, les neurosciences, les services de<br />
pointe et les industries culturelles. Et pour cela augmenter<br />
significativement les salaires des chercheurs, des professeurs, des<br />
médecins, des ingénieurs, c&#8217;est-à-dire de tous ceux, qui par leur créativité<br />
apportent aux pays. Au détriment, si nécessaire, des revenus et des<br />
privilèges de ceux qui les dirigent, les financent ou les distraient. C’est<br />
accepter provisoirement des déficits ciblés pour financer ces dépenses<br />
d’avenir. C’est promouvoir de nouveaux modèles d’entreprises, plus soucieux<br />
du long terme, et proches de ceux des ONG et des services publics&nbsp;; c’est<br />
orienter la finance vers la prise de risque dans les secteurs de long terme,<br />
et non vers le profit pour compte propre.</p>
<p>Ce n’est pas d’un nouveau plan de relance que nous avons besoin, mais d’une<br />
véritable prise de conscience des urgences culturelles et politiques. Et en<br />
particulier d’une remise en cause radicale de la répartition des pouvoirs<br />
entre ceux qui créent et ceux qui financent, condition, une fois de plus, de<br />
notre survie.</p>
<p>
<a href="mailto:j@attali.com">j@attali.com</a><br />
&nbsp;</strong></span></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/a-retro-government.php">A RETRO-GOVERNMENT</a></strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/besoin-diran.php">IN NEED OF IRAN</a></strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/promises-of-the-suburbs.php">PROMISES OF THE SUBURBS</a></strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/optimisms.php">OPTIMISMS</a></strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/three-years.php">THREE YEARS</a></strong></p>
</p>
<p><strong>En version originale </strong><strong style="font-weight: 400;">par Jacques Attali:</strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/optimismes.php"><br />
OPTIMISMES</a></strong></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="http://blogs.lexpress.fr/attali/2009/06/trois-ans.php">TROIS ANS</a></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><br />
<a href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/translations/id/41684" style="text-decoration: none;">Les 8 Secrets de la Réussite</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<p><object data="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="334" height="326"><br />
  <strong><br />
</strong><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"><param name="flashvars" value="vu=http://video.ted.com/talks/embed/RichardSt.John_2005-embed_high.flv&amp;su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/RichardSt.John-2005.embed_thumbnail.jpg&amp;vw=320&amp;vh=240&amp;ap=0&amp;ti=70"><param name="src" value="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"></object><br />
<strong style="font-weight: 400;"><br />
&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><font face="Tahoma"></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">dédié aux entrepreneurs de FRANCE</span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong style="font-weight: 400;">,<br />
tout particulièrement ceux de la</p>
<p></strong></p>
<p><strong>Région<br />
PACA et du 13006.</strong><strong style="font-weight: 400;">..qui se<br />
reconnaitront.</p>
<p></strong></p>
<p><strong>N.B:</p>
<p></strong></p>
<p></span></font></p>
<p><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><font face="Tahoma"><br />
<span style="font-size: 8pt;">pour sous titrage en Français, prière de<br />
cliquer sur&#8221;view subtitles&#8221; et<br />
faire le choix France (French) .</span></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<div style="margin-top: 10px; height: 15px;" class="zemanta-pixie"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://reblog.zemanta.com/zemified/18a1fa82-ff43-49ec-aadf-8acbe9aae8c4/" title="Reblog this post [with Zemanta]"><img style="border: medium none ; float: right;" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/reblog_e.png?x-id=18a1fa82-ff43-49ec-aadf-8acbe9aae8c4" alt="Reblog this post [with Zemanta]"></a><span class="zem-script more-related pretty-attribution"><script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.zemanta.com/readside/loader.js" defer="defer"></script></span></div>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Jacques Chirac: L&#8217;Eau pour la Paix &#8211; la Paix pour l&#8217;Eau</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/jacques-chirac-eau-pour-la-paix/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/jacques-chirac-eau-pour-la-paix/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Jun 2009 12:52:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Golden Rule]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Love]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Children]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B. SPACE SHIP-EARTH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wealth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business and Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Embassies and Consulates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fondation Chirac]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[France]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jacques Chirac]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Yann Arthus-Bertrand]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.joelbomane.com/?p=412</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[









Discours de Jacques Chirac      
L&#8217;Eau pour la Paix &#8211; 
la Paix pour l&#8217;Eau  
Summary in French
By Joel Bomane&#8217;s    
Earth Nest Group 
http://www.fondationchirac.eu/eau-pour-paix-13-novembre/
    L&#8217;eau pour la Paix &#8211; La Paix pour l&#8217;eau from Fondation Chirac on Vimeo  
(Crédit : NEWSPRODMedia Manser)
DROIT UNIVERSEL A [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><script src="http://www.gmodules.com/ig/ifr?url=http://www.google.com/ig/modules/translatemypage.xml&amp;up_source_language=fr&amp;w=160&amp;h=60&amp;title=&amp;border=&amp;output=js"></script></p>
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<div>
<dl class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 310px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jacques_Chirac.jpg"><img title="{{pt|O presidente de França, Jacques Chirac." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jacques_Chirac.jpg/300px-Jacques_Chirac.jpg" alt="{{pt|O presidente de França, Jacques Chirac." width="300" height="514"></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd zemanta-img-attribution" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jacques_Chirac.jpg"></a>
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</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Discours de <a class="zem_slink" title="Jacques Chirac" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> </strong> <a href="http://www.vimeo.com/fondationchirac"> <img src="http://images.vimeo.com/67/21/42/67214210/67214210_50.jpg" alt="" width="50" height="50"></a> <strong></strong> <strong></strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;Eau pour la Paix &#8211; </strong></p>
<p><strong>la Paix pour l&#8217;Eau</strong> <strong></strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Summary in <a class="zem_slink" title="French language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a></strong></p>
<p>By<a href="http://www.vimeo.com/groups/6558"> <strong>Joel Bomane&#8217;s</strong></a> <a href="http://www.vimeo.com/groups/6558"><strong></strong></a> <a href="http://www.vimeo.com/groups/6558"><strong> </strong></a> <a href="http://www.vimeo.com/groups/6558"><strong></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.vimeo.com/groups/6558"><strong>Earth Nest Group</strong></a> <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self">http://www.fondationchirac.eu/eau-pour-paix-13-novembre/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self"></a> <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self"></a> <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self"></a> <object data="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=2244931&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="445" height="227"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="never"><param name="allowNetworking" value="internal"><param name="src" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=2244931&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1"></object> <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vdmltZW8uY29tLzIyNDQ5MzE=">L&#8217;eau pour la Paix &#8211; La Paix pour l&#8217;eau</a> from <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vdmltZW8uY29tL2ZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYw==">Fondation Chirac</a> on <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vdmltZW8uY29t">Vimeo</a> <a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vdmltZW8uY29t"></a> <em></em></p>
<p><em>(Crédit : <strong>NEWSPRODMedia Manser</strong>)</em></p>
<p><strong>DROIT UNIVERSEL A L&#8217;EAU</strong> <strong>MOBILISATION </strong></p>
<p><strong>- URGENCE- </strong></p>
<p><strong></strong> <strong>L&#8217;Eau pour TOUS</strong> <strong>EGALITE &#8211; PARTAGE &#8211; ARBITRAGE</strong></p>
<p>Population &#8211; Grands Fleuves: <strong></strong> <strong>SURVIE.</strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Le discours de Jacques Chirac à la Maison de l&#8217;Unesco</strong> <strong>2008</strong> <strong> &#8211; </strong></p>
<p><strong>Citoyens du monde</strong>,  <strong>L&#8217;eau</strong>..<strong>.plus que jamais</strong>&#8230;<strong>est  un enjeux VITAL et essentiel pour ce siècle</strong>.</p>
<p>Nous avons pris du retard tant  au niveau mondial, régional, que locale&#8230;  Chaque jour 10 000 enfants victimes d&#8217;une eau insalubre&#8230;</p>
<p><strong></strong> <strong>Cela est INNACEPTABLE!</strong></p>
<p><strong>Monsieur Jacques Chirac</strong> et la<strong> FONDATION CHIRAC</strong> nous rappelle qu&#8217;il y a des solutions concrètes  à &#8220;l&#8217;absurdité&#8221; de cette situation.</p>
<p>Même au milieu d&#8217;une Crise Economique et Financière:  <strong>Pas de fatalisme! </strong></p>
<p>Mais une <strong>VISION STRATEGIQUE</strong> de<strong> PARTAGE de l&#8217;EAU</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;</strong><strong>Accès Universel à l&#8217;Eau</strong> et à l<strong>&#8216;Assainissement pour TOUS</strong>&#8230;  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>un DROIT.</strong>..est <strong>possible et réalisable</strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Comment?</strong></p>
<p>Par une meilleur <strong>GESTION et DISTRIBUTION</strong> de cette <strong>RESSOURCE VITALE </strong>qu&#8217;est <strong>l&#8217;EAU</strong>:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmZvbmRhdGlvbmNoaXJhYy5ldS9lYXUtcG91ci1wYWl4LTEzLW5vdmVtYnJlLw==" target="_self">fondationchirac.eu/eau-pour-paix-13-novembre/</a></p>
<p><strong>Note</strong>:<strong> AIDE PUBLIQUE <span class="zem_slink">AU</span> DEVELOPPEMENT</strong>:  <strong>0,7% PIB <a class="zem_slink" title="Digital Opportunity Investment Trust" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Opportunity_Investment_Trust">DOIT</a> ETRE MAINTENUE!</strong></p>
<p>&#8220;<strong>L&#8217;effrondement des crédits d&#8217;AIDE</strong>&#8230;  dans les pays du <a class="zem_slink" title="Nord (department)" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=50.3833333333,3.31666666667&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=50.3833333333,3.31666666667%20%28Nord%20%28department%29%29&amp;t=h">Nord</a>&#8230;<strong>est une honte, une faute morale, et une erreur stratégique.</strong>..ce que nous ne donnons pas aujourd&#8217;hui nous sera compté demain&#8230;<strong>sinon</strong>&#8230;  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>GUERRE de l&#8217;EAU</strong>&#8230;  <strong>des EMEUTES de la soif</strong>&#8230;&#8221;  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Jacques Chirac</strong></p>
<p><strong>N.B: </strong> <strong>Rappelons nous ces paroles éternelles et universelles adressées</strong> (indirectement) à chaque individu de l&#8217;espèce humaine&#8230;</p>
<p>et <strong>prononcées sur les rives du Jourdain</strong> :</p>
<p>&#8220;<strong>J&#8217;avais soif et vous m&#8217;avez donné à boire</strong>&#8221;  Jésus <a class="zem_slink" title="Christ" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ">Christ</a>.</p>
<p><strong><a onclick="set_context('tag:fondationchirac|newest');" href="http://www.vimeo.com/1078406">Yann Arthus-Bertrand pour la fondation Chirac</a></strong></p>
<p><object data="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=1078406&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="442" height="302"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><param name="src" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=1078406&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1"></object> <a href="http://vimeo.com/1078406">Yann Arthus-Bertrand pour la fondation Chirac</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/fondationchirac">Fondation Chirac</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Franck Debié l</strong><strong>e Directeur général </strong>de la<strong> Fondation Chirac </strong>explique <strong>les objectifs du Prix pour la prévention des conflits</strong> que lance la fondation.   <strong>La prévention des conflits </strong>est plus que jamais indispensable dans un monde où les guerres, les tensions intercommunautaires violentes augmentent et où des processus de paix s’avèrent soit inachevés, soit fragiles.</p>
<p>Lorsque la crise est ouverte, les moyens d’imposer la paix restent limités et le risque de voir un conflit durer et s’enkyster est grand.     <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Le Prix de la Fondation Chirac</strong> pour<strong> la prévention des conflits</strong> a pour but d’améliorer la notoriété et de soutenir ceux qui investissent une partie de leur vie et de leurs ressources à prévenir les conflits.</p>
<p><object data="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=4823688&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="446" height="304"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><param name="src" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=4823688&amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;show_title=1&amp;show_byline=1&amp;show_portrait=0&amp;color=&amp;fullscreen=1"></object> <a href="http://vimeo.com/4823688">Franck Debié</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/fondationchirac">Fondation Chirac</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a></p>
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		<title>Where Have All the Leaders Gone? by Lee Iacocca</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/leaders-lee-iacocca/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/leaders-lee-iacocca/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2009 21:38:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1. Live]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2. Love]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[a. Entrepreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[b. Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Abraham Lincoln]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George W. Bush]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Harvard Business School]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Joe Biden]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oval Office]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thomas Jefferson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[









By Lee Iacocca
 November 2007 
with Catherine Whitney.
I Had Enough?
Am I the only guy in this country who&#8217;s fed up with what&#8217;s happening? 
Where the hell is our outrage? 
We should be screaming bloody murder.
We&#8217;ve got a gang of clueless bozos steering our ship of state right over a cliff, we&#8217;ve got corporate gangsters stealing [...]]]></description>
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<dl class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 240px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LeeIacocca.jpg"></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd zemanta-img-attribution" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LeeIacocca.jpg"></a>
</dd>
</dl>
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<p><script src="http://www.gmodules.com/ig/ifr?url=http://www.google.com/ig/modules/translatemypage.xml&#038;up_source_language=en&#038;w=160&#038;h=60&#038;title=&#038;border=&#038;output=js"></script><br />
By <a class="zem_slink" title="Lee Iacocca" rel="homepage" href="http://www.leeiacocca.com/">Lee Iacocca</a></p>
<p><a class="zem_slink" title="Lee Iacocca" rel="homepage" href="http://www.leeiacocca.com/"> November 2007 </a></p>
<p>with Catherine Whitney.</p>
<p><strong>I Had Enough?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Am I the only guy in this country who&#8217;s fed up with what&#8217;s happening? </strong></p>
<p><strong>Where the hell is our outrage? </strong></p>
<p><strong>We should be screaming bloody murder</strong>.</p>
<p>We&#8217;ve got a gang of clueless bozos steering our ship of state right over a cliff, we&#8217;ve got corporate gangsters stealing us blind, and we can&#8217;t even clean up after a hurricane much less build a hybrid car.</p>
<p>But instead of getting mad,everyone sits around and nods their heads when the politicians say, &#8220;Stay the course.&#8221;  Stay the course? You&#8217;ve got to be kidding. This is America, not the damned Titanic. I&#8217;ll give you a sound bite: Throw the bums out!  You might think I&#8217;m getting senile, that I&#8217;ve gone off my rocker, and maybe I have. But someone has to speak up. I hardly recognize this country anymore.</p>
<p>The President of the<a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h"> United States</a> is given a free pass to ignore the Constitution, tap our phones, and lead us to war on a pack of lies. Congress responds to record deficits by passing a huge tax cut for the wealthy (thanks, but I don&#8217;t need it). The most famous business leaders are not the innovators but the guys in handcuffs. While we&#8217;re fiddling in Iraq, the Middle East is burning and nobody seems to know what to do. And the press is waving pom-poms instead of asking hard questions. That&#8217;s not the promise of America my parents and yours traveled across the ocean for. I&#8217;ve had enough. How about you?  I&#8217;ll go a step further.</p>
<p>You can&#8217;t call yourself a patriot if you&#8217;re not outraged. This is a fight I&#8217;m ready and willing to have.  My friends tell me to calm down. They say, &#8220;Lee, you&#8217;re eighty-two years old. Leave the rage to the young people.&#8221; I&#8217;d love to—as soon as I can pry them away from their iPods for five seconds and get them to pay attention. I&#8217;m going to speak up because it&#8217;s my patriotic duty. I think people will listen to me. They say I have a reputation as a straight shooter. So I&#8217;ll tell you how I see it, and it&#8217;s not pretty, but at least it&#8217;s real. I&#8217;m hoping to strike a nerve in those young folks who say they don&#8217;t vote because they don&#8217;t trust politicians to represent their interests. Hey, America, wake up. These guys work for us.</p>
<p><strong>Who Are These Guys, Anyway? </strong></p>
<p><strong>Why are we in this mess?</strong></p>
<p><strong>How did we end up with this crowd in Washington? </strong></p>
<p>Well, we voted for them</p>
<p>—or at least some of us did. But I&#8217;ll tell you what we didn&#8217;t do. We didn&#8217;t agree to suspend the Constitution. We didn&#8217;t agree to stop asking questions or demanding answers. Some of us are sick and tired of people who call free speech treason.</p>
<p><strong>Where I come from that&#8217;s a dictatorship, not a democracy. </strong></p>
<p>And don&#8217;t tell me it&#8217;s all the fault of right-wing Republicans or liberal Democrats. That&#8217;s an intellectually lazy argument, and it&#8217;s part of the reason we&#8217;re in this stew.</p>
<p>We&#8217;re not just a nation of factions. We&#8217;re a people. We share common principles and ideals. And we rise and fall together.  Where are the voices of leaders who can inspire us to action and make us stand taller? What happened to the strong and resolute party of Lincoln? What happened to the courageous, populist party of <a class="zem_slink" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" rel="lastfm" href="http://www.last.fm/music/Franklin%2BD.%2BRoosevelt">FDR</a> and Truman? There was a time in this country when the voices of great leaders lifted us up and made us want to do better.</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Where Have All the Leaders Gone?" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Where-Have-All-Leaders-Gone/dp/1416532471%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1416532471">Where have all the leaders gone?</a> </strong></p>
<p>The Test of a Leader  I&#8217;ve never been Commander in Chief, but I&#8217;ve been a CEO. I understand a few things about leadership at the top. I&#8217;ve figured out nine points—not ten (I don&#8217;t want people accusing me of thinking I&#8217;m Moses). I call them the &#8220;Nine Cs of Leadership.&#8221; They&#8217;re not fancy or complicated. Just clear, obvious qualities that every true leader should have. We should look at how the current administration stacks up. Like it or not, this crew is going to be around until January 2009.</p>
<p>Maybe we can learn something before we go to the polls in 2008. Then let&#8217;s be sure we use the leadership test to screen the candidates who say they want to run the country. It&#8217;s up to us to choose wisely.</p>
<p><strong>So, here&#8217;s my C list:</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>A leader has to show CURIOSITY. </strong></p>
<p>He has to listen to people outside of the &#8220;Yes, sir&#8221; crowd in his inner circle. He has to read voraciously, because the world is a big, complicated place. <a class="zem_slink" title="George W. Bush" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124133/">George W. Bush</a> brags about never reading a newspaper. &#8220;I just scan the headlines,&#8221; he says. Am I hearing this right?</p>
<p>He&#8217;s the President of the <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">United States</a> and he never reads a newspaper? <a class="zem_slink" title="Thomas Jefferson" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> once said, &#8220;Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.&#8221; Bush disagrees. As long as he gets his daily hour in the gym, with Fox News piped through the sound system, he&#8217;s ready to go.  If a leader never steps outside his comfort zone to hear different ideas, he grows stale. If he doesn&#8217;t put his beliefs to the test, how does he know he&#8217;s right? The inability to listen is a form of arrogance. It means either you think you already know it all, or you just don&#8217;t care.</p>
<p>Before the 2006 election, George Bush made a big point of saying he didn&#8217;t listen to the polls. Yeah, that&#8217;s what they all say when the polls stink. But maybe he should have listened, because 70 percent of the people were saying he was on the wrong track. It took a &#8220;thumping&#8221; on election day to wake him up, but even then you got the feeling he wasn&#8217;t listening so much as he was calculating how to do a better job of convincing everyone he was right.</p>
<p><strong>A leader has to be CREATIVE,</strong> go out on a limb, be willing to try something different. You know, think outside the box. George Bush prides himself on never changing, even as the world around him is spinning out of control. God forbid someone should accuse him of flip-flopping.</p>
<p>There&#8217;s a disturbingly messianic fervor to his certainty. Senator <a class="zem_slink" title="Joe Biden" rel="homepage" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/vicepresident/">Joe Biden</a> recalled a conversation he had with Bush a few months after our troops marched into Baghdad. Joe was in the <a class="zem_slink" title="Oval Office" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> outlining his concerns to the President—the explosive mix of Shiite and Sunni, the disbanded Iraqi army, the problems securing the oil fields.</p>
<p>&#8220;The President was serene,&#8221; Joe recalled.</p>
<p>&#8220;He told me he was sure that we were on the right course and that all would be well.</p>
<p>&#8216;Mr. President,&#8217; I finally said, &#8216;</p>
<p>how can you be so sure when you don&#8217;t yet know all the facts?&#8217;&#8221;</p>
<p>Bush then reached over and put a steadying hand on Joe&#8217;s shoulder.</p>
<p>&#8220;My instincts,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>&#8220;My instincts.&#8221; Joe was flabbergasted.</p>
<p>He told Bush,</p>
<p>&#8220;Mr. President, your instincts aren&#8217;t good enough.&#8221;</p>
<p>Joe Biden sure didn&#8217;t think the matter was settled. And, as we all know now, it wasn&#8217;t.  Leadership is all about managing change—whether you&#8217;re leading a company or leading a country. Things change, and you get creative. You adapt.</p>
<p>Maybe Bush was absent the day they covered that at <a class="zem_slink" title="Harvard Business School" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=42.36722,-71.12253&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=42.36722,-71.12253%20%28Harvard%20Business%20School%29&amp;t=h">Harvard Business School</a>.</p>
<p><strong>A leader has to COMMUNICATE. </strong></p>
<p>I&#8217;m not talking about running off at the mouth or spouting sound bites. I&#8217;m talking about facing reality and telling the truth. Nobody in the current administration seems to know how to talk straight anymore. Instead, they spend most of their time trying to convince us that things are not really as bad as they seem.</p>
<p>I don&#8217;t know if it&#8217;s denial or dishonesty, but it can start to drive you crazy after a while. Communication has to start with telling the truth, even when it&#8217;s painful. The <a class="zem_slink" title="Iraq War" rel="wikinvest" href="http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Iraq_War">war in Iraq</a> has been, among other things, a grand failure of communication. Bush is like the boy who didn&#8217;t cry wolf when the wolf was at the door. After years of being told that all is well, even as the casualties and chaos mount, we&#8217;ve stopped listening to him.</p>
<p><strong>A leader has to be a person of CHARACTER.</strong></p>
<p>That means knowing the difference between right and wrong and having the guts to do the right thing. <a class="zem_slink" title="Abraham Lincoln" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> once said, &#8220;If you want to test a man&#8217;s character, give him power.&#8221; George Bush has a lot of power. What does it say about his character? Bush has shown a willingness to take bold action on the world stage because he has the power, but he shows little regard for the grievous consequences.</p>
<p>He has sent our troops (not to mention hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqi citizens) to their deaths—for what? To build our oil reserves? To avenge his daddy because Saddam Hussein once tried to have him killed? To show his daddy he&#8217;s tougher? The motivations behind the war in Iraq are questionable, and the execution of the war has been a disaster. A man of character does not ask a single soldier to die for a failed policy.</p>
<p><strong>A leader must have COURAGE. </strong></p>
<p>I&#8217;m talking about balls. (That even goes for female leaders.) Swagger isn&#8217;t courage. Tough talk isn&#8217;t courage. George Bush comes from a blue-blooded Connecticut family, but he likes to talk like a cowboy. You know, My gun is bigger than your gun. Courage in the twenty-first century doesn&#8217;t mean posturing and bravado. Courage is a commitment to sit down at the negotiating table and talk.  If you&#8217;re a politician, courage means taking a position even when you know it will cost you votes.</p>
<p>Bush can&#8217;t even make a public appearance unless the audience has been handpicked and sanitized. He did a series of so-called town hall meetings last year, in auditoriums packed with his most devoted fans. The questions were all softballs.</p>
<p><strong>To be a leader you&#8217;ve got to have CONVICTION</strong>—a fire in your belly.</p>
<p>You&#8217;ve got to have passion. You&#8217;ve got to really want to get something done. How do you measure fire in the belly?</p>
<p>Bush has set the all-time record for number of vacation days taken by a U.S. President—four hundred and counting. He&#8217;d rather clear brush on his ranch than immerse himself in the business of governing. He even told an interviewer that the high point of his presidency so far was catching a seven-and-a-half-pound perch in his hand-stocked lake.  It&#8217;s no better on Capitol Hill.</p>
<p>Congress was in session only ninety-seven days in 2006. That&#8217;s eleven days less than the record set in 1948, when President Harry Truman coined the term do-nothing Congress. Most people would expect to be fired if they worked so little and had nothing to show for it. But Congress managed to find the time to vote itself a raise. Now, that&#8217;s not leadership.</p>
<p><strong>A leader should have CHARISMA. </strong></p>
<p>I&#8217;m not talking about being flashy. Charisma is the quality that makes people want to follow you. It&#8217;s the ability to inspire. People follow a leader because they trust him. That&#8217;s my definition of charisma. Maybe George Bush is a great guy to hang out with at a barbecue or a ball game. But put him at a global summit where the future of our planet is at stake, and he doesn&#8217;t look very presidential.</p>
<p>Those frat-boy pranks and the kidding around he enjoys so much don&#8217;t go over that well with world leaders. Just ask German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who received an unwelcome shoulder massage from our President at a G-8 Summit. When he came up behind her and started squeezing, I thought she was going to go right through the roof.</p>
<p><strong>A leader has to be COMPETENT.</strong></p>
<p>That seems obvious, doesn&#8217;t it?</p>
<p>You&#8217;ve got to know what you&#8217;re doing. More important than that, you&#8217;ve got to surround yourself with people who know what they&#8217;re doing.</p>
<p>Bush brags about being our first MBA President.</p>
<p>Does that make him competent?</p>
<p>Well, let&#8217;s see.</p>
<p>Thanks to our first MBA President, we&#8217;ve got the largest deficit in history, Social Security is on life support, and we&#8217;ve run up a half-a-trillion-dollar price tag (so far) in Iraq.</p>
<p>And that&#8217;s just for starters. A leader has to be a problem solver, and the biggest problems we face as a nation seem to be on the back burner.</p>
<p><strong>You can&#8217;t be a leader if you don&#8217;t have COMMON SENSE</strong>.</p>
<p>I call this Charlie Beacham&#8217;s rule. When I was a young guy just starting out in the car business, one of my first jobs was as Ford&#8217;s zone manager in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. My boss was a guy named <strong>Charlie Beacham</strong>, who was the East Coast regional manager. Charlie was a big Southerner, with a warm drawl, a huge smile, and a core of steel.</p>
<p><strong>Charlie</strong> used to tell me, &#8220;<strong>Remember, Lee, the only thing you&#8217;ve got going for you as a human being is your ability to reason and your common sense. If you don&#8217;t know a dip of horseshit from a dip of vanilla ice cream, you&#8217;ll never make it.</strong>&#8221;</p>
<p>George Bush doesn&#8217;t have common sense. He just has a lot of sound bites. You know—Mr.they&#8217;ll-welcome-us-as-liberators-no-child-left-behind-heck-of-a-job-Brownie-mission-accomplished Bush.</p>
<p>Former President Bill Clinton once said, &#8220;I grew up in an alcoholic home. I spent half my childhood trying to get into the reality-based world—and I like it here.&#8221;</p>
<p>I think our current President should visit the real world once in a while.</p>
<p><strong>The Biggest C is Crisis  Leaders are made, not born</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Leadership is forged in times of crisis. </strong></p>
<p>It&#8217;s easy to sit there with your feet up on the desk and talk theory. Or send someone else&#8217;s kids off to war when you&#8217;ve never seen a battlefield yourself. It&#8217;s another thing to lead when your world comes tumbling down.</p>
<p>On September 11, 2001, we needed a strong leader more than any other time in our history.</p>
<p>We needed a steady hand to guide us out of the ashes.</p>
<p>Where was George Bush?</p>
<p>He was reading a story about a pet goat to kids in Florida when he heard about the attacks.</p>
<p>He kept sitting there for twenty minutes with a baffled look on his face.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s all on tape. You can see it for yourself. Then, instead of taking the quickest route back to Washington and immediately going on the air to reassure the panicked people of this country, he decided it wasn&#8217;t safe to return to the White House.</p>
<p>He basically went into hiding for the day—and he told Vice President Dick Cheney to stay put in his bunker. We were all frozen in front of our TVs, scared out of our wits, waiting for our leaders to tell us that we were going to be okay, and there was nobody home.</p>
<p>It took Bush a couple of days to get his bearings and devise the right photo op at Ground Zero.  That was George Bush&#8217;s moment of truth, and he was paralyzed. And what did he do when he&#8217;d regained his composure? He led us down the road to Iraq—a road his own father had considered disastrous when he was President. B</p>
<p>ut Bush didn&#8217;t listen to Daddy.</p>
<p>He listened to a higher father.</p>
<p>He prides himself on being faith based, not reality based. If that doesn&#8217;t scare the crap out of you, I don&#8217;t know what will.  A Hell of a Mess  So here&#8217;s where we stand. We&#8217;re immersed in a bloody war with no plan for winning and no plan for leaving. We&#8217;re running the biggest deficit in the history of the country. We&#8217;re losing the manufacturing edge to Asia, while our once-great companies are getting slaughtered by health care costs. Gas prices are skyrocketing, and nobody in power has a coherent energy policy. Our schools are in trouble. Our borders are like sieves.</p>
<p>The middle class is being squeezed every which way. These are times that cry out for leadership.  But when you look around, you&#8217;ve got to ask: &#8220;Where have all the leaders gone?&#8221; Where are the curious, creative communicators? Where are the people of character, courage, conviction, competence, and common sense? I may be a sucker for alliteration, but I think you get the point.</p>
<p>Name me a leader who has a better idea for homeland security than making us take off our shoes in airports and throw away our shampoo? We&#8217;ve spent billions of dollars building a huge new bureaucracy, and all we know how to do is react to things that have already happened.  Name me one leader who emerged from the crisis of Hurricane Katrina.</p>
<p>Congress has yet to spend a single day evaluating the response to the hurricane, or demanding accountability for the decisions that were made in the crucial hours after the storm. Everyone&#8217;s hunkering down, fingers crossed, hoping it doesn&#8217;t happen again.</p>
<p>Now, that&#8217;s just crazy. Storms happen. Deal with it. Make a plan. Figure out what you&#8217;re going to do the next time.  Name me an industry leader who is thinking creatively about how we can restore our competitive edge in manufacturing.</p>
<p>Who would have believed that there could ever be a time when &#8220;the Big Three&#8221; referred to Japanese car companies? How did this happen—and more important, what are we going to do about it?  Name me a government leader who can articulate a plan for paying down the debt, or solving the energy crisis, or managing the health care problem.</p>
<p>The silence is deafening. But these are the crises that are eating away at our country and milking the middle class dry.  I have news for the gang in Congress. We didn&#8217;t elect you to sit on your asses and do nothing and remain silent while our democracy is being hijacked and our greatness is being replaced with mediocrity. What is everybody so afraid of? That some bobblehead on Fox News will call them a name? Give me a break. Why don&#8217;t you guys show some spine for a change?  Had Enough?  Hey, I&#8217;m not trying to be the voice of gloom and doom here.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m trying to light a fire. I&#8217;m speaking out because I have hope. I believe in America. I</p>
<p>n my lifetime I&#8217;ve had the privilege of living through some of America&#8217;s greatest moments. I&#8217;ve also experienced some of our worst crises—the Great Depression, World War II, the Korean War, the Kennedy assassination, the Vietnam War, the 1970s oil crisis, and the struggles of recent years culminating with 9/11.</p>
<p><strong>If I&#8217;ve learned one thing, it&#8217;s this: </strong></p>
<p><strong>You don&#8217;t get anywhere by standing on the sidelines waiting for somebody else to take action</strong>.</p>
<p>Whether it&#8217;s building a better car or building a better future for our children, we all have a role to play.</p>
<p>That&#8217;s the challenge I&#8217;m raising in this book.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s a call to action for people who, like me, believe in America.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not too late, but it&#8217;s getting pretty close.</p>
<p><strong>So let&#8217;s shake off the horseshit and go to work.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Let&#8217;s tell &#8216;em all we&#8217;ve had enough</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.bordersstores.com/features/feature.jsp?file=wherehavealltheleadersgone">http://www.bordersstores.com/features/feature.jsp?file=wherehavealltheleadersgone</a></p>
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		<title>PAUL POLAK &#8211; Founder &#8211; IDE</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 14:55:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
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Paul Polak is the founder of the Colorado-based non-profit International Development Enterprises (IDE) which is dedicated to developing practical solutions that harness the power of markets and attack poverty at its roots.  
Polak was born in the Czech Republic and raised in Canada.
As a twelve year old in Canada, Polak learned that he [...]]]></description>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Out-Poverty-Traditional-Approaches-Hardcover/dp/1576754499%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1576754499"><img title="Cover of &quot;Out of Poverty: What Works When..." src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41%2Bu98kdtxL._SL200_.jpg" alt="Cover of &quot;Out of Poverty: What Works When..." width="134" height="200" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd zemanta-img-attribution" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Out-Poverty-Traditional-Approaches-Hardcover/dp/1576754499%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1576754499"></a> </dd>
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<p><script src="http://www.gmodules.com/ig/ifr?url=http://www.google.com/ig/modules/translatemypage.xml&amp;up_source_language=en&amp;w=160&amp;h=60&amp;title=&amp;border=&amp;output=js"></script><strong>Paul Polak</strong> is the <strong>founder</strong> of the <strong>Colorado-based</strong> <strong>non-profit <a class="zem_slink" title="International Development Enterprises" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Enterprises">International Development Enterprises</a> (IDE) </strong>which is dedicated to <strong>developing practical solutions </strong>that harness the power of markets and <strong>attack poverty at its roots</strong>.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Polak</strong> was born in the <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Czech Republic" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=50.0833333333,14.4666666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=50.0833333333,14.4666666667%20%28Czech%20Republic%29&amp;t=h">Czech Republic</a> </strong>and<strong> raised in Canada.</strong></p>
<p>As a twelve year old in Canada, Polak learned that he could make five cents a quart picking strawberries.  After earning his <strong>M.D. degree in psychiatry </strong>at the <a class="zem_slink" title="University of Western Ontario" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=43.0082888889,-81.2718944444&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=43.0082888889,-81.2718944444%20%28University%20of%20Western%20Ontario%29&amp;t=h">University of Western Ontario</a> in London, Canada, Polak worked as an intern at Montreal General Hospital. &#8212;</p>
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<td width="100%"><span style="font-size: 13px">&#8220;<em>Our species is the only     creative species, and it has only one creative instrument, the individual     mind and spirit of man. </em></span> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic">Nothing was ever     created by two men. </span> <span style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic">There are no good collaborations,     wether in music, in art, poetry, in mathematics, philosophy. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic">Once the miracle of     creation has taken place, the group can build and extend it, but the group     never invents anything. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic">The preciousness lies     in the lonely mind of man.&#8221; </span> <span style="font-size: 13px"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px">- <a class="zem_slink" title="East of Eden" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/East-Eden-John-Steinbeck/dp/0606005919%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0606005919">East of Eden</a> &#8211;    <strong>John     Steinbeck</strong> </span></td>
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<p>&#8212;- In 1959, he moved to<br />
 <a class="zem_slink" title="Denver" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=39.7391666667,-104.984722222&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;q=39.7391666667,-104.984722222%20%28Denver%29&amp;t=h">Denver, Colorado</a> to do his residency at the University of Colorado Medical Center.  Polak received his certification from the American Board of Neurology and Psychiatry in 1968.  <strong>Polak practiced psychiatry for 23 years in </strong> <strong>Colorado</strong>.  <object width="468" height="221" data="http://video.google.fr/googleplayer.swf?docid=7725921332961025137&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"><param name="id" value="VideoPlayback" /><param name="src" value="http://video.google.fr/googleplayer.swf?docid=7725921332961025137&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=true" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /></object> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>To better understand the environments influencing his patients, he visited their homes and workplaces</strong>.  Polak&#8217;s career in medicine includes a stint as a deputy coroner and as a medical officer in Melrose, Scotland.</p>
<p><strong>In 1971</strong>, <strong>Polak founded the Southwest Denver Community Mental Health Services Inc</strong>., which played a <strong>prominent national and international role in advancing</strong> both the concept and <strong>practical working models of community based care for severely <a class="zem_slink" title="Mental disorder" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder">mentally ill</a> clients.</strong></p>
<p>He has published more than seventy articles on psychiatric research, psychiatry, and community mental health.  <strong>After a trip to Bangladesh</strong>, <strong>Polak was inspired to use the skills he had honed while working with homeless veterans </strong>and mentally ill patients in Denve<strong>r to help serve the 800 million people living on a dollar a day around the world.</strong></p>
<p>Based on extended conversations with more than three thousand small-acreage farmers in developing countries, Polak devised the simple operating principles of the organization <strong>he founded, International Development Enterprises (IDE)</strong>, which has helped more than 15 million people who survive on less than a dollar a day to move out of poverty.</p>
<p><strong>Polak is Presiden</strong>t of International Development Enterprises<strong> (IDE),</strong> an <strong>organization he founded in 1981.</strong> <strong>IDE has pioneered the development and rural mass marketing</strong> of affordable technologies through the small enterprise private sector in developing countries.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>IDE has installed 1.3 million Treadle Pumps on small farms in Bangladesh </strong>by activating a local private sector network of 50 manufacturers and several thousand village dealers and well drillers.   <strong>As a result, small farm families in Bangladesh have increased their net annual income by $130 million per year</strong>.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>IDE has also disseminated affordable small-scale irrigation devices in India, Nepal, Vietnam Cambodia, <a class="zem_slink" title="Sri Lanka" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=6.9,79.9&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=6.9,79.9%20%28Sri%20Lanka%29&amp;t=h">Sri Lanka</a>, and Zambia</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Polak has played a key role in technology design </strong>as well as development and implementation of mass dissemination strategies.  In 1998, Polak and IDE launched a global initiative which has been taken up by international organizations and governments, and has the objective of putting one million hectares a year owned by smallholders under low cost drip irrigation.</p>
<p><strong>IDE started when three concerned individuals agreed to put up ten thousand dollars each to get it going</strong>.  <strong>Art DeFehr</strong> of <a class="zem_slink" title="Palliser Furniture" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliser_Furniture">Palliser Furniture</a> in Canada and<strong> Don Hedrick,</strong> a businessman from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, joined Polak to initiate IDE (TM) first project to build and sell 500 donkey carts to refugee entrepreneurs in <strong>Somalia.</strong></p>
<p>This led to<strong> IDE (TM) </strong>present focus on <strong>intensive profitable agriculture</strong> o<strong>n small farms</strong> and the use practical business strategies t<strong>o increase the incomes of dollar-a-day poor people.</strong> <strong>In the beginning, Polak worked out of a bedroom in his house as the only staff member.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Unpaid and undaunted, Polak won grants</strong> from the <a class="zem_slink" title="Government of Canada" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada">government</a> of <strong>Canada </strong>and the <strong>United Nations </strong>to <strong>initiate the donkey cart project.</strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Later, the <a class="zem_slink" title="Canada" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=45.4,-75.6666666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=45.4,-75.6666666667%20%28Canada%29&amp;t=h">Canadian</a> government supported the sale of treadle pumps in Bangladesh and other countries, a project that turned into a great success.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Through it all, IDE has sold its products at fair market prices and its customers have earned three times their money back in the first year</strong>.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>IDE</strong> has 13 people at its headquarters in Denver and 550 full-time staff who come from the nine countries where they directly implement<strong> projects in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Ethiopia.</strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>IDE has had an impact on the lives of 3.5 million dollar-a-day small-farm families (17.5 million individuals) since its inception, and is working together with its partners to reach 30 million families by 2020</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>IDE achieves results in challenging environments of extreme poverty, poor infrastructure, disease, and war</strong>. With <strong>90% of its employees locally employed in these countries</strong>, IDE uses an entrepreneurial approach to succeed where traditional development models have failed.  IDE listens to what its customers, the rural poor, say about their needs and then develops appropriate, affordable solutions that increase their incomes.</p>
<p>These solutions include developing and marketing technologies for water access and control, providing expertise and training, and increasing access to markets.</p>
<p><strong>In 2007, Polak founded D-Rev </strong>- create a design revolution by enlisting th<strong>e best designers in the world to develop products and ideas that will benefit the 90% of the people on earth who are poor</strong>, in order to help them earn their way out of poverty.  <strong>D-Rev seeks to do this by inspiring, educating, and connecting</strong> all of the people who are involved in the design process, from the inception to the purchase and use of products.    <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>The chief collaborators</strong> at <strong>D-Rev</strong> include: <strong>Kurt Kuhlmann</strong>, an engineering consultant and <a class="zem_slink" title="Entrepreneur" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a> who has developed products for the &#8220;bottom of the pyramid&#8221; with various companies; <strong>Cheryl Heller</strong>, founder of <strong>Heller Communication Design</strong>, serves as a brand strategist and product developer for both Fortune 100 and start up companies in various fields; <strong>Steve Troy</strong>, who has worked in renewable energy/appropriate technology engineering and supply with over 120 countries; <strong>Alan Schwartz</strong>, who has been instrumental in 14 diverse entrepreneurial ventures; <strong>Mohan Uttarwar</strong>, co-founder of BioImagene and several other high-tech ventures; and<strong> Lyn McLaughlin</strong>, the operations manager at D-Rev.  Polak has written more than a hundred papers and articles on water, agriculture, design, and development, as well as in the field of mental health.</p>
<p><strong>Book by Paul Polak</strong><strong>: &#8220;<a class="zem_slink" title="Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches Fail (BK Currents (Hardcover))" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Out-Poverty-Traditional-Approaches-Hardcover/dp/1576754499%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1576754499">Out of Poverty</a>: </strong></p>
<p><strong>What Works When Traditional Methods Fail,&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2008, p. 9.</p>
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		<title>Dr. MANI MANIFESTO: VALUE FIRST</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/lemanifeste-dr-mani/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/lemanifeste-dr-mani/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 18:48:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[- Social Infopreneur]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.joelbomane.com/?p=141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[// Dr. Mani "Value First" Manifesto for infopreneurs is concise, to the point and overflowing with the "Golden Rule." 
// --&#62;
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In one word it is brilliant! (in French at the end of this Post)
There is a crystal clear decision to Give Value First to your customers that will EXPLODE your results&#8230;
For I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><script src="http://www.gmodules.com/ig/ifr?url=http://www.google.com/ig/modules/translatemypage.xml&amp;up_source_language=mce-mce-mce-mce-mce-mce-en&amp;w=160&amp;h=60&amp;title=&amp;border=&amp;output=js">// <![CDATA[
&lt;!<b><a class="flickr-image alignnone" title="Manifesto!" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brenopeck/313291649/" mce_href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brenopeck/313291649/"><img class="alignright" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/112/313291649_f53be99cd7_t.jpg" mce_src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/112/313291649_f53be99cd7_t.jpg" alt="Manifesto!" width="162" height="137"></a></b><i><b>Dr. Mani "Value First" <a class="zem_slink" title="Manifesto" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto" mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto">Manifesto</a></b> for infopreneurs is <b>concise</b>, <b>to the point </b>and <b>overflowing</b> with the <b>"<a class="zem_slink" title="Golden Rule (fiscal policy)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule_%28fiscal_policy%29" mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule_%28fiscal_policy%29">Golden Rule</a>."</b></i> 
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<p><em><strong><a href="http://joelbomane.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Dr-Mani.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-739" title="Dr Mani" src="http://joelbomane.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Dr-Mani.png" alt="" width="120" height="143" /></a>In one word it is brilliant</strong>! (in <a class="zem_slink" title="French language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a> at the end of this Post)<br /></em></p>
<p><em>There is a<strong> crystal clear decision</strong> to<strong> Give Value First </strong>to <strong>your customers</strong> that <strong>will EXPLODE your results</strong>&#8230;</em></p>
<p><em>For <strong>I have witnessed Dr. Mani&#8217;s high ethical and business standards for over a decade</strong> now.</em></p>
<p><em>And <strong>so I felt compelled </strong>to <strong>read his soul power &#8220;Value First Manifesto,&#8221; meditate</strong> upon it and<strong> translate it</strong> into my own language (<a href="http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/manifesto"><strong>French</strong></a>)!</em></p>
<p><a href="http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/manifesto">http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/manifesto</a></p>
<p><em>The word <strong>&#8220;Manifesto&#8221;</strong> (from<strong> <a class="zem_slink" title="Italian language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a></strong>, &#8220;denunciation&#8221;) means a <strong>&#8220;public declaration of intentions, motives</strong>&#8220;&#8230;</em></p>
<p><em>The word <strong>&#8220;Value&#8221;</strong> is from the <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Old French" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French">Old French</a></strong> &#8220;<strong>to be worth</strong>&#8221; (<a class="zem_slink" title="Latin" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin">Latin</a> <strong>valēre</strong>) with an <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Indo-European languages" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo- European</a> root</strong> &#8220;<strong>wal</strong>&#8220;- &#8220;<strong>to be strong</strong>.&#8221;</em></p>
<p><em>For <strong>you have to be strong like Dr. Mani </strong>to <strong>find might &amp; worth within your soul</strong> to<strong> dare call ALL entrepreneurs</strong> to <strong>make an &#8220;oath&#8221; for &#8220;VALUE FIRST&#8221; &amp; <a class="zem_slink" title="Commit (data management)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commit_%28data_management%29">Commit</a> to Success</strong> &#8220;<strong>even before the money changes hands</strong>.&#8221;</em></p>
<p><em>So <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="ACT (examination)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_%28examination%29">ACT</a> today!</strong> <strong></strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong>Share Dr. Mani&#8217;s power principle</strong></em><em><strong> found in &#8220;Value First Manifesto&#8221;</strong><strong>with your loved ones</strong>,<strong> friends</strong>, and <strong>clients</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>And <strong>let &#8220;VALUE FIRST&#8221;</strong> <strong>be</strong>come <strong>your new mantra</strong> and <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Motto" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto">motto</a></strong>!</em></p>
<p><em><strong>Merci Dr.Mani </strong>de <strong>partager</strong> ce &#8220;<strong>Manifeste</strong>&#8220;</em></p>
<p><em><strong>VALUE FIRST </strong>will be of <strong>great benefit to</strong></em> <em><strong>European/French Infopreneurs.</strong> </em></p>
<p><em>- Joel Bomane from Sunny Southern <a class="zem_slink" title="France" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.8666666667,2.3265&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=48.8666666667,2.3265%20%28France%29&amp;t=h">France</a></em></p>
<p><a title="OBRA MAESTRA Joel Bomane" href="http://www.joelbomane.com">http://www.joelbomane.com</a></p>
<p><strong>VALUE FIRST MANIFESTO</strong> by <strong>Dr. Mani in original language</strong></p>
<p>(<a class="zem_slink" title="English language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a>) can be <strong>found here: </strong></p>
<p><a href="http://ezinemarketingcenter.com/valuefirst/ValueFirst.pdf">http://ezinemarketingcenter.com/valuefirst/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ezinemarketingcenter.com/valuefirst/ValueFirst.pdf">ValueFirst.pdf</a></p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p>Je fais parti de <strong>TIMIC</strong> (The <a class="zem_slink" title="Internet" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet">Internet</a> Marketing <a class="zem_slink" title="Inner Circle" rel="homepage" href="http://www.innercircle-reggae.com/">Inner Circle</a>) crée par mon ami <a class="zem_slink" title="Willie Crawford" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Crawford">Willie Crawford</a></p>
<p><strong>TIMIC </strong>réunit des centaines<strong> </strong><strong>de businessmen de haut calibre</strong> venant de tous les continents, tels que *<strong><a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/">Dr. Mani</a>,</strong> <strong>Case Stevens</strong>…Un de ses <strong>membres (*<a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/">Dr. Mani </a>– Chirurgien/<a href="http://www.creafirm-consultant.com/auteur/">*Infopreneu</a>r*) </strong>et ami, a partagé avec moi&#8230;</p>
<p><strong>SA PHILOSPHIE du monde des affaires en 2009</strong>, et <strong>j&#8217;y adhère à 100%.</strong></p>
<p><strong>LA VALEUR AVANT TOUT </strong>…le Manifeste derrière le mouvement! Rejoignez nous Copyright 2009, Dr.Mani Sivasubramanian and <strong>InfoProfitz.com</strong></p>
<p>Vous avez la permission de distribuer, partager, et republier ce  document à condition qu&#8217;il soit laissé intacte sans changement au niveau  du format ou du contenu.</p>
<p><strong>Qu&#8217;adviendrai t&#8217;il si VOUS,</strong> en tant qu&#8217;entrepreneur en ligne et infopreneur obsédé par l&#8217;idée de valeur, faisiez ces choses?</p>
<p>Pour quiconque tombe sur votre présence <strong>en ligne sur le Web…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Créer </strong>un site Web rempli d’un contenu qui informe,  éduque, et amuse votre audience, leur donnant ce qu&#8217;ils recherchent,  leur fournissant quelque chose d&#8217;utile <strong>et d&#8217;avantageux – gratuitement Pour quiconque prend le temps de l&#8217;explorer…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Offrir </strong>un trésor insoupçonné d&#8217;informations  précieuses basé sur votre expertise, expérience et enthousiasme, des  choses qui améliorent la vie de toute personne qui entre en contact avec  vous – sans leur demander de s&#8217;abonner ou même leur <strong>email Pour quiconque se joint à votre fichier clients par email…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Publier </strong>un Bulletin <a class="zem_slink" title="List of Kim Possible characters" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kim_Possible_characters">Electronique</a> ou Newsletter via  email rempli des réponses précises en rapport avec les questions qui les  préoccupent, des solutions aux problèmes qui les assaillent, idées,  conseils ou aides pour atteindre leurs buts <strong>Pour quiconque lit votre magazine électronique ou Ezine…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Communiquer</strong> clairement et rester en contact  fréquemment , découvrir ce qu&#8217;ils veulent et ont besoin, en trouvant une  manière pour leur livrer l’info de manière <strong>efficiente, en agissant dans votre secteur de spécialisation en tant que guide et mentor rempli de compassion <br /> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Pour quiconque</strong> voudrait acheter quelque chose chez vous…</p>
<p><strong>Créer,</strong> compiler ou se procurer les droits pour un  produit qui introduit vos futurs clients à votre domaine d&#8217;expertise, en  utilisant un style et un modèle plus axés sur la façon dont ils  tireront des bénéfices de cet achat que du profit que vous allez tirer  de cette vente Pour quiconque est hésitant lors de ce premier achat…</p>
<p><strong>Faire une proposition </strong>si attrayante, sans risque  pour l&#8217;acheteur et avantageuse – avec une mise à prix si accessible par  rapport <a class="zem_slink" title="List of French words and phrases used by English speakers" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_words_and_phrases_used_by_English_speakers">à la</a> valeur inhérente du produit/service – afin de faciliter sa  décision qui doit être aussi simple, sûre et sans stress que possible  Pour quiconque a déja commandé vos produits et services…</p>
<p><strong>Faire un suivi</strong>, prendre des nouvelles, et s’engager  avec empathie avec les acheteurs après qu&#8217;ils aient acheté chez vous,  pour s’assurer qu&#8217;ils obtiennent le maximum de valeur de cette  interaction, peu importe le montant de l&#8217;achat lors de la vente initiale  Pour quiconque veut aller plus loin et acheter un peu plus chez vous…</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="French conjugation" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conjugation">Etre</a> sélectif au niveau des produits, programmes ou services </strong>que  vous offrez à votre clientèle, les adaptant en fonction de leurs  besoins, niveaux d&#8217;expertise et habileté, plutôt qu&#8217;en les &#8220;chargeant&#8221;  faisant &#8216;feu de tout bois.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>En d&#8217;autres termes, qu&#8217;adviendrai t&#8217;il, si </strong>dans vos affaires en tant qu&#8217;infopreneur sur Internet, vous viviez pleinement cette philosophie de privilégier la<strong> VALEUR AVANT TOUT</strong> – même avant que l&#8217;argent ne change de mains – et ainsi continuer sur cette même ligne de conduite… pour toujours ?</p>
<p><strong>Pouvez vous imaginer</strong> combien vos affaires vont  prospérerer, le bien que cela va vous procurez, et la joie que vous  allez ressentir en aidant les autres à suivre cette approche ?</p>
<p><strong>Votre but ultime sera le bien-être, la protection et le succès de vos futurs clients, vos abonnés, vos patients,</strong> <strong>VOS AMIS</strong>… pas simplement votre marge bénéficiaire au sein de votre business d&#8217;infopreneur.</p>
<p><strong>En effet, d&#8217;une manière remarquable, vos affaires vont fleurir. Prospérer. EXPLOSE</strong>R.  Ce qui est bien plus important, dans une certaine mesure, c&#8217;est que  VOUS aurez du plaisir à être dans votre affaire, chaque jour de votre  vie, tout en apportant de la valeur à votre réseau.</p>
<p><strong>La clé</strong> dans tout ceci c’est de se poser une question cruciale, pour tout ce que vous prévoyez d’entreprendre dans votre affaire.</p>
<p><strong>La question à vous posez est celle ci </strong>: « Ce que je fais rendra t&#8217;il la vie de mon client meilleure, d&#8217;une manière quelconque, que si je n&#8217;y avais jamais été ? »</p>
<p><strong>Toutes les fois que la réponse sera « oui », votre récompense est garantie, </strong>que  ce soit en termes d&#8217;argent, de respect, d’influence, de part de marché  ou de croissance en valeur d’actifs. Inversement, toutes les fois que la  réponse est « non », vous devrez impérativement changer votre ligne de  conduite et revoir ce que vous prévoyez de faire…de façon à obtenir un «  oui » à la question !</p>
<p>Ajouter <strong>LA VALEUR AVANT TOUT…</strong></p>
<p><strong>Même avant que l&#8217;argent ne change de mains! <br /> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Que pensez vous de ce message?</strong></p>
<p>Veuillez prendre un moment pour partager vos pensées en laissant un commentaire sur notre blog,<strong> Money.Power.Wisdom</strong> – . Et pendant que vous êtes là, n’oubliez pas de récupérer vos  rapports-info GRATUITS qui valent pas mal d’argent et que j’offre à  titre gracieux – ma manière d’ajouter <strong>LA VALEUR AVANT TOUT </strong>à vos affaires et à votre vie.</p>
<p><strong>Rejoignez le mouvement? </strong></p>
<p>Le manifeste <strong>LA VALEUR AVANT TOUT </strong>deviendra la semence d’un mouvement qui créera un meilleur internet pour les infopreneurs.</p>
<p><strong>Un différent des perfides, pillant les clients, où « seul le fric compte » r</strong>este  la devise, et ce manifeste sera plus en harmonie avec la VERITABLE  éthique de l’infopreneur qui est d’influencer de manière positive la vie  de notre audience. Pour faire cela, nous avons besoin de nous  entraider. Faire un effort concerté pour amener le changement.</p>
<p>Créer un mouvement. Cela commence par diffuser le message. Partager le manifeste <strong>LA VALEUR AVANT TOUT</strong> avec vos amis – partenaires commerciaux, abonnés et clients. Par  ailleurs, si vous voulez partager ce manifeste avec VOS amis, il y a une  manière de le faire qui vous sera avantageuse.</p>
<p>* <strong>Infopreneur:</strong> &#8220;combinaison d’un chef d’entreprise et  créateur d’information. Le terme« infopreneuring » renvoie à l’action de  créer (ou d’avoir créé) des ressources précieuses en information qui  sont ensuites exprimées en valeur monétaire de manière  entrepreneuriale.”<strong> *Dr. Mani</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/"><strong>La Fondation du *Dr. Mani CHILD HEART FOUNDATION: </strong></a></p>
<p>est à <strong>but non lucratif</strong> créé pour sensibiliser le public au sujet<strong> des cardiopathies congénitales </strong>et<strong> récolter des fonds </strong>afin de <strong>parrainer et sauver des enfants</strong> (souffrant de maladies cardiaques congénitales)<strong> issus de familles pauvres en Inde</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.chdinfo.com/">http://www.chdinfo.com/ <br /></a></p>
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="margin-top: 10px; height: 15px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" title="Enhanced by Zemanta" href="http://www.zemanta.com/"><img class="zemanta-pixie-img" style="border: medium none; float: right;" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=657223e1-14ed-4867-a553-0c15024bc337" alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" /></a><span class="zem-script more-related pretty-attribution"><script src="http://static.zemanta.com/readside/loader.js" type="text/javascript"></script></span></div>
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		<title>USA Fiscal Imbalance</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/usa-fiscal-imbalance/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/usa-fiscal-imbalance/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 16:30:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Al Gore]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[An Inconvenient Truth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[David M. Walker]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[David Walker]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deficit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Government debt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medicare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ross Perot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[I still wonder how the leading country on this planet  can expect to have debt free citizens&#8230;while having a national debt that is already $8.5 trillion?

The problem is not new from:  Ross Perot&#8217;s in 1992 presidential election&#8230;  Mr. &#8220;r-e-a-d m-y l-i-p-s&#8221; and raising taxes&#8230;  
Bill Cliton in 1993...(where they first lost [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><script src="http://www.gmodules.com/ig/ifr?url=http://www.google.com/ig/modules/translatemypage.xml&amp;up_source_language=en&amp;w=160&amp;h=60&amp;title=&amp;border=&amp;output=js"></script><strong>I still wonder how the leading country on this planet  can expect to have <a class="zem_slink" title="Government debt" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt">debt</a> free citizens</strong>&#8230;<strong>while </strong>having a<strong> national debt that is already $8.5 trillion</strong>?</p>
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<p>The problem is not new from:  <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Ross Perot" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot">Ross Perot</a>&#8217;s in <a class="zem_slink" title="United States presidential election, 1992" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election%2C_1992">1992 presidential election</a></strong>&#8230;  <strong>Mr. &#8220;r-e-a-d m-y l-i-p-s&#8221; and raising taxes</strong>&#8230;  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Bill Cliton in 1993.</strong>..(where they first lost the Congress in 30 years&#8230;)</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="David M. Walker (former U.S. Comptroller General)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Walker_%28former_U.S._Comptroller_General%29">David Walker</a>, Comptroller General of the <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">United States</a></strong> (2007)  thinks<strong> USA have four <a class="zem_slink" title="Deficit" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficit">deficits</a>: </strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>1) Debt/Budget <br style="font-weight: bold;">2) Balance payment, <br style="font-weight: bold;">3) saving, <br style="font-weight: bold;">4) Leadership</strong></p>
<p>Americans have a vague sense of their government&#8217;s long-term fiscal prospects&#8230;  <strong>Young people worry more about the <a class="zem_slink" title="Iraq War" rel="wikinvest" href="http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Iraq_War">war in Iraq</a>, terrorism, jobs than the bad shape of the economy</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>By 2030 Medicare will be about $5 trillion in the hole.</strong> <strong>Isn&#8217;t this an unfair burden on future generations?</strong> <strong>David Walker </strong>has planned a <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Fiscal Wake-Up Tour" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_Wake-Up_Tour">fiscal wake-up tour</a> </strong>for 2008?</p>
<p><strong>Here is a short video on this topic from David Walker, Comptroller General of the United States:</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><object data="http://video.google.fr/googleplayer.swf?docid=7304705928441799737&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="311" height="232"><param name="id" value="VideoPlayback"><param name="src" value="http://video.google.fr/googleplayer.swf?docid=7304705928441799737&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=true"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"></object> </span></span></p>
<p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"> <!-- embed--></span> <strong>N.B: Lucidity.</strong>..bring together&#8230;the recent<strong> &#8220;<a class="zem_slink" title="An Inconvenient Truth" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Inconvenient-Truth-Al-Gore/dp/B000ICL3KG%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB000ICL3KG">An Inconvenient Truth</a>&#8221; </strong> <strong>b</strong><strong>y <a class="zem_slink" title="Al Gore" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0330722/">Al Gore</a> with &#8220;USA growing fiscal imbalance&#8221;</strong> <strong>by David Walker, Comptroller General of the United States</strong> <strong>What is at stake? &#8230;</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong> <strong>It&#8217;s not just the future of the USA&#8230;</strong> <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>&#8220;whenever America sneezes&#8230;rest of the world&#8230;flue&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>I let you make your own conclusions.</p>
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		<title>AL GORE a Man with a VISION in the Foosteps of His Father&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/al-gore/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/al-gore/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 15:51:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[2. Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[6. Mind-IQ-Rational]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C. EGG-EARTH CITIZEN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Al Gore]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bob Kahn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Federal government of the United States]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Inconvenient Truth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interstate Highway System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nobel Peace Prize]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vint Cerf]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[




  



2007 &#8211; Marseille &#8211; FRANCE : TIME: 5:30 PM -
As I am writing on my pc* I can hear the children back home from school shouting, and laughing here in the sunny streets of  Southern  FRANCE&#8230;.
The children, our future&#8230;
  - BOSTON &#8211; USA - (early 90&#8217;s) -In those days as a foreign [...]]]></description>
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<p><strong>2007</strong> &#8211; Marseille &#8211; <strong>FRANCE </strong>: TIME: 5:30 PM -</p>
<p>As I am writing on my pc* <strong>I can hear the children back home from school</strong> shouting, and laughing here in the sunny streets of  Southern  FRANCE&#8230;.</p>
<p><strong>The children, our future&#8230;</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong> <strong>- BOSTON &#8211; <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&amp;spn=10.0,10.0&amp;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&amp;t=h">USA</a> </strong>- (early 90&#8217;s) -In those days as a foreign student (French) in the USA it was a requirement to digest Mr. Gore:&#8221;<a class="zem_slink" title="Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=1594866376%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26lcode=xm2%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/Earth-Balance-Ecology-Human-Spirit/dp/1594866376%253FSubscriptionId=0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82">Earth in the Balance</a>&#8221; book&#8230; (BIOL G141 &#8211; Biology Class- named:<strong> &#8220;Life in the Balance&#8221;</strong>).</p>
<p>This Biology Course based on <strong>Mr. Gore&#8217;s book </strong>opened my eyes: <strong>our &#8220;Nest&#8221; planet Earth was in imminent danger!</strong></p>
<p>I believe<strong> Mr. Gore </strong>was selected for the <a class="zem_slink" title="Nobel Peace Prize" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> because <strong>he is a man with a vision, a man of peace*. </strong></p>
<p>He has an <strong>uncany ability to see the future</strong> (cf.<strong>&#8220;climate crisis&#8221;.</strong>..), to find a way out the maze (* cf. Gore opposed the Vietnam War&#8230;).</p>
<p><object width="425" height="344" data="http://www.youtube.com/v/t6IB6wxXFdU&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="src" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/t6IB6wxXFdU&amp;hl=fr&amp;fs=1" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /></object></p>
<p>He makes patterns where the average man sees only confusion (cf.&#8221;<a class="zem_slink" title="The Assault on Reason" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Assault-Reason-Al-Gore/dp/1594201226%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1594201226">The Assault on Reason</a>&#8220;&#8230;)  and <strong>he tells the truth</strong> (cf.<strong>&#8220;<a class="zem_slink" title="An Inconvenient Truth" rel="amazon" href="http://www.amazon.com/Inconvenient-Truth-Al-Gore/dp/B000ICL3KG%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB000ICL3KG">An Inconvenient Truth</a>&#8220;</strong>)&#8230;  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Let&#8217;s look at&#8230;</strong> <strong>How he relates the past with the future&#8230;following in his dad&#8217;s foosteps&#8230;</strong> and  <strong>How he was able to surf</strong> on the <strong>&#8220;Interstate highway system&#8221; </strong>and <strong>bring the &#8220;Internet Puzzle&#8221; to the average &#8220;world citizen&#8221;</strong>&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p>* March 9, 1999 during CNN&#8217;s &#8220;Late Edition&#8221; show.Specifically, <strong>what Gore said</strong> was &#8220;<strong>I took the initiative in creating the Interne</strong>t.&#8221;</p>
<p>During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the term &#8220;information superhighway&#8221; became a sort of mantra in Gore&#8217;s speeches.  Some observers, in fact, credit Gore with coining that very term.</p>
<p>Actually, for Senator Gore to seek to build a national data network analogous to the interstate highway system should not surprise us; his father, <a class="zem_slink" title="Al Gore" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0330722/">Al Gore</a> Sr., as a senator in the 1950s was a major proponent of the creation of the <a class="zem_slink" title="Interstate Highway System" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System">Interstate Highway System</a>, modeled after the German autobahns.</p>
<p>No doubt Gore Jr. was inspired by the model and metaphor of his father&#8217;s efforts. Gore Jr.&#8217;s remarks in 1989 reflect this throwback to Gore pere&#8217;s earlier role:</p>
<p><br style="font-weight: bold;" /> THREE YEARS AGO, ON THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, I SPONSORED THE SUPERCOMPUTER NETWORK STUDY ACT TO EXPLORE A FIBER OPTIC NETWORK TO LINK THE NATION&#8217;S SUPERCOMPUTERS INTO ONE SYSTEM.</p>
<p>HIGH-CAPACITY FIBER OPTIC NETWORKS WILL BE THE INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAYS OF TOMORROW.  A NATIONAL NETWORK WITH ASSOCIATED SUPERCOMPUTERS AND DATA BASES WILL LINK ACADEMIC RESEARCHERS AND INDUSTRY IN A NATIONAL COLABORATORY.</p>
<p>THIS INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE WILL CLUSTER RESEARCH CENTERS AND BUSINESSES AROUND NETWORK INTERCHANGES, USING THE NATION&#8217;S VAST DATA BANKS AS THE BUILDING BLOCKS FOR INCREASING INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY, CREATING NEW PRODUCTS, AND IMPROVING ACCESS TO EDUCATION.</p>
<p>LIBRARIES, RURAL SCHOOLS, MINORITY INSTITUTIONS, AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS WILL HAVE ACCESS TO THE SAME NATIONAL RESOURCES  &#8212; DATA BASES, SUPERCOMPUTERS, ACCELERATORS</p>
<p>&#8211;  AS MORE AFFLUENT AND BETTER KNOWN INSTITUTIONS. CAN WE RELY ON THE MARKET SYSTEM TO PROVIDE THIS KIND OF INFRASTRUCTURE? WE CERTAINLY COULDN&#8217;T WHERE THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WAS CONCERNED, ALTHOUGH PRIVATE INDUSTRY ULTIMATELY BENEFITED A GREAT DEAL FROM THE GOVERNMENT&#8217;S LEADERSHIP AND INVESTMENT.</p>
<p>I BELIEVE THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MUST AGAIN BE A CATALYST, TO GET COMPANIES INTERESTED IN THOSE INFORMATION NETWORKS AND SHOW THEM THAT THERE IS A MARKET OUT THERE. CLEARLY, THE TECHNOLOGICAL SPINOFFS AND PRODUCTIVITY GAINS WOULD BE ENORMOUS, FROM A NETWORK THAT WOULD COST THE GOVERNMENT LESS THAN ONE STEALTH BOMBER.</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p><strong>No less an authority </strong>than <a class="zem_slink" title="Vint Cerf" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, <strong>inventor of the Internet Protocol</strong>, <strong>has gone on record confirming Gore&#8217;s role in U.S. Internet development</strong>.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>On June 14, 2000</strong>,<strong> Time Magazine</strong> hosted a live Internet forum with Cerf. The (anonymous) moderator joined his journalistic <strong>wisecrackers</strong> by <strong>invoking Gore&#8217;s Internet inventor &#8220;claim.&#8221;</strong> <strong>Cerf abstained from the frivolity</strong>:</p>
<p><strong>Timehost</strong>: Welcome to the TIME auditorium. <strong>We&#8217;re thrilled to have as our guest Vinton Cerf, one of the inventors of the Internet</strong>.<strong> Mr. Cerf has just written an article for TIME magazin</strong>e, in which he says <strong>that the Internet will be everywhere</strong>.</p>
<p>Even, literally, in our bodies!  So send in your questions about the past, present and future of the Internet.  <strong>Who better to answer those questions than the man who invented the Interne</strong>t?</p>
<p>(<strong>Sorry, Al Gore</strong>)</p>
<p><strong>Timehost</strong>: <strong>Mr. Cerf </strong>is now with us.</p>
<p>Welcome!</p>
<p><strong>Vinton Cerf</strong>: Good evening, or whatever time zone you are in, hi!!</p>
<p>While we&#8217;re waiting for questions, I&#8217;d like to clear up one little item &#8211; <strong>about the Vice President &#8230; </strong></p>
<p><strong>He really does deserve some credit for his early recognition of the importance of the Internet and the technology that makes it work. </strong> <strong>He was certainly among the first if not the first in Congress to realize how powerful the information revolution would be</strong> and both <strong>as Senator and Vice President he has been enormously helpful in supporting legislation and programs to help further develop the Internet </strong>- for example the<strong> Next Generation Internet program.</strong></p>
<p>I get to see a lot of this stuff because I am a member of the President&#8217;s Information Technology Advisory Committee and we regularly review the R&amp;D programs of the US <a class="zem_slink" title="Federal government of the United States" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">Government</a> and many have relevance to the evolving <strong>Internet</strong>.</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;  On September 28, 2000, <a class="zem_slink" title="Bob Kahn" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> and<strong> Vint Cerf </strong>released a statement to key Internet mailing lists stating their unequivocalbelief that Gore played an important role during his congressional years in supporting the Internet:  I am taking the liberty of sending to you both a brief summary of Al Gore&#8217;s Internet involvement, prepared by Bob Kahn and me.</p>
<p>As you know, there have been a seemingly unending series of jokes chiding the vice president for his assertion that he &#8220;took the initiative in creating the Internet.  &#8221;  Bob and I believe that the vice president deserves significant credit for his early recognition of the importance of what has become the Internet. I thought you might find this short summary of sufficient interest to share it with Politech and the IP lists, respectively.</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p>-<strong>Now you can see Mr. Al Gore was the first in Congress to realize the implication of the Information Revolution in our lives. </strong> I believe his awareness about global warming once again will help all of us foresee and ameliorate the future of our planet.<br style="font-weight: bold;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><strong>Al Gore through his actions has already made a bridge between Technology and Environment for adults and childen worldwide</strong>&#8230;  <strong>So I congratulate Mr. Gore for The Nobel Peace Prize 2007. </strong> In return for the <strong>BIOL 141G</strong> <strong>&#8220;Life in the Balance</strong>&#8221; awareness course&#8230;  I am ready to give him a hand&#8230;  Will you <strong>&#8220;Earth Citizen&#8221; </strong>give him a hand too?  <strong>Let us better our planet and secure the future of our children</strong>.<br style="font-weight: bold;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" />The doors of the 21st Century are just opening&#8230; <strong> &#8220;Earth Citizen Friends&#8221; </strong><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><strong>let us follow the path of Mr. Gore and of all men of peace, good will, and vision! </strong></p>
<p>Joel Bomane from Sunny Southern FRANCE</p>
<p>*P.S: I am about to switch from DSL-CABLEto Fiber Optic&#8230;  It&#8217;s FASTER&#8230;thanks to AL G.!</p>
<p>* peace:  *<strong> Gore said in 1988 that his experience in Vietnam</strong>:  *</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_GoreEarly_life </a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"></a> &#8220;It didn&#8217;t change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.&#8221;</p>
<p>*<a href="http://www.issues2000.org/celeb/More_Al_Gore_Homeland_Security.htm">http://issues2000.org/Celeb/More_Al_Gore_Homeland_Security.htm </a></p>
<p>*More Al Gore on Homeland Security. Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-02-24.</p>
<p>* March 9, 1999  <a href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/wiggins/%20">http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/wiggins/ </a></p>
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		<title>MUHAMMAD YUNUS: The New Pillars of Global Society</title>
		<link>http://www.joelbomane.com/muhammad-yunu-the-new-pillars-of-global-society/</link>
		<comments>http://www.joelbomane.com/muhammad-yunu-the-new-pillars-of-global-society/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 15:41:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joel Bomane</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[2. Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3. Learn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4. Leave a Legacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[5. Earth Citizen Giants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[6. Mind-IQ-Rational]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[a. Entrepreneur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jeremy Leggett]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jimmy Wales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Muhammad Yunus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neil Gershenfeld]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nobel Peace Prize]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skoll Foundation]]></category>

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Image via Wikipedia



&#8220;What we&#8217;re doing is all about transforming the very concept of poverty among the poor themselves&#8221;
Muhammad Yunus, winner of Nobel Peace Prize 2006 and co-founder of Grammeen bank
&#8220;They [social entrepreneurs] are rebelling against the idea that the problems that surround us are so big that ordinary men and women can&#8217;t make a difference,&#8221;
said [...]]]></description>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muhammad_Yunus_2.jpg"><img title="Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Prize, 2006" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Muhammad_Yunus_2.jpg/300px-Muhammad_Yunus_2.jpg" alt="Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Prize, 2006" width="300" height="354" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd zemanta-img-attribution" style="font-size: 0.8em;">Image via <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muhammad_Yunus_2.jpg">Wikipedia</a></dd>
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<p>&#8220;<strong>What we&#8217;re doing is all about transforming the very concept of poverty among the poor themselves</strong>&#8221;</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Muhammad Yunus" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></strong>, <strong>winner of <a class="zem_slink" title="Nobel Peace Prize" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> 2006 </strong>and <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Entrepreneur" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur">co-founder</a> of Grammeen bank</strong></p>
<p>&#8220;They [social entrepreneurs] are rebelling against the idea that the problems that surround us are so big that ordinary men and women can&#8217;t make a difference,&#8221;</p>
<p>said <strong>Jeff Skoll, co-founder of eBay </strong>and the moneybags behind the <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Skoll Foundation" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll_Foundation">Skoll Foundation</a> for Social Entrepreneurship.</strong></p>
<p><strong>MEET THE PRINCIPAL VOICES:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.principalvoices.com/">http://www.principalvoices.com/</a></p>
<p>Principal Voices gathers together a series of the world&#8217;s foremost thinkers in their respective areas. For 2007 this is in <a class="zem_slink" title="Social entrepreneurship" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship">social entrepreneurship</a>, technology and innovation, and alternative energy.</p>
<p>Principal Voices is a project aimed at stimulating discussion on some of the major challenges facing our world today. In 2006 we explored environmentalism, urbanization, economic development and collaborative corporation with views from renowned experts, and just as importantly, your own comments. <br style="font-weight: bold;" /><br />
Again in 2007 TIME, FORTUNE and CNN, in association with Shell, will be bringing together a group of globally-renowned experts &#8211; Principal Voices &#8211; in a series of videos, articles and round-table discussions.</p>
<p><strong>Social Entrepreneurs:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Kailash Satyarthi </strong>is India&#8217;s foremost leader in abolishing bonded labor.</p>
<p><strong>Rick Aubry </strong>is one of the world&#8217;s leading social entrepreneurs. For over 21 years he has lead Rubicon Programs, a social enterprise in the San Francisco Bay Area that helps people</p>
<p><strong>Technology and Innovation:</strong></p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Neil Gershenfeld" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gershenfeld">Neil Gershenfeld</a> </strong>is the Director of <strong>MIT&#8217;s Center for Bits and Atoms</strong>.</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Jimmy Wales" rel="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2467065/">Jimmy Wales</a></strong> is the revolutionary luminary who <strong>founded Wikipedia</strong> in 2001</p>
<p><strong>Alternative Energy:</strong></p>
<p><a class="zem_slink" title="Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_V._Vaitheeswaran">Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran</a> is an award- winning journalist for The Economist and environmental commentator.</p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Jeremy Leggett" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett">Jeremy Leggett</a></strong> has been described by Time Magazine as &#8220;one of the key players in putting the climate issue on the world agenda.&#8221; An award-winning scientist and oil-industry consultant&#8230;</p>
<p><strong>More info:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://principalvoices.com/index.2005.html">http://principalvoices.com/index.2005.html</a></p>
<p><strong>More about: </strong></p>
<p><strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Muhammad Yunus" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></strong>, <strong>winner of <a class="zem_slink" title="Nobel Peace Prize" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> 2006 </strong>and <strong><a class="zem_slink" title="Entrepreneur" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur">co-founder</a> of Grammeen bank</strong></p>
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