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2010 Earthquake in Haiti


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2010 Haiti
earthquake

From Wikipedia®
The damaged National Palace (top),

 

Quake epicenter (bottom)
Date

16:53:10, 12 January 2010 (−05:00) (2010-01-12T16:53:10−05:00)

21:53:10, 12 January 2010 (UTC) (2010-01-12T21:53:10Z)
Magnitude 7.0 Mw
Depth 13 kilometres (8.1 mi)
Epicenter location 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533Coordinates: 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533
Countries/

 

regions affected

 Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, The Bahamas, Jamaica
Max. intensity MM X[1]
Casualties

Confirmed ‘burials’ – 70,000 (Haitian government)[2]

Estimated deaths up to 200,000 (Haitian government)[3]

The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake with the epicentre near Léogâne, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, striking at 16:53:10 local time (21:53:10 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010.[4][5] The earthquake occurred at a depth of 13 kilometres (8.1 mi). The United States Geological Survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, fourteen of them between magnitudes 5.0 and 5.9.[6] The International Red Cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake,[7] and the Haitian Interior Minister believes that up to 200,000 have died as a result of the disaster,[3] exceeding earlier Red Cross estimates of 45,000–50,000.[8] Several prominent public figures are among the dead. The Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive announced that over 70,000 bodies have been buried in mass graves.[9]

The earthquake caused major damage to Port-au-Prince. Most major landmarks were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace (President René Préval survived), the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail.[10][11][12] To compound the tragedy, most hospitals in the area were destroyed.[13] The United Nations (UN) reported that the headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, had collapsed and that the Mission’s Chief, Hédi Annabi, his deputy, Luiz Carlos da Costa, and the acting police commissioner were confirmed dead.[14][15] Elisabeth Byrs of the UN called it the worst disaster the United Nations has experienced because the organizational structures of the UN in Haiti and the Haitian government were destroyed.[16][17]

Contents

Background

The island of Hispaniola, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is seismically active and has experienced significantly destructive tremors in the past. An earthquake struck in 1751, and another in 1770 while the island was under French control. According to French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750–1819), "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince following the 18 October 1751 earthquake, but "the whole city collapsed" during the earthquake of 3 June 1770. Another earthquake destroyed the city of Cap-Haïtien and other towns in the northern part of Haiti and the Dominican Republic on 7 May 1842.[18] In 1946, a magnitude-8.0 earthquake struck the Dominican Republic and also shook Haiti, producing a tsunami that killed 1,790 people and injured many others.[19]

A 2006 earthquake hazard study by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and forecast a worst-case scenario of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake, similar in size to the 1692 Jamaica earthquake.[20] Paul Mann and a group including the 2006 study team presented a hazard assessment of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system to the 18th Caribbean Geologic Conference in March 2008, noting the large strain (overall equivalent to a 7.2 Mw earthquake); the team recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.[21] An article published in Haiti’s Le Matin newspaper in September 2008 cited comments by geologist Patrick Charles to the effect that there was a high risk of major seismic activity in Port-au-Prince.[22]

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere,[23] ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index.[24] The Australian government’s travel advisory site expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster;[25] and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization.[26] The country is no stranger to natural disasters: it has been struck by multiple hurricanes, causing flooding and widespread damage, most recently in 2008 from Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, resulting in 800 deaths.[27]

Geology

USGS intensity map.

The earthquake occurred inland, on 12 January 2010, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) WSW from Port-au-Prince at a depth of 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) at 16:53 UTC-5[4] on the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system.[28] Strong shaking with intensity VII–IX on the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) was recorded in Port-au-Prince and its suburbs. It was also felt in several surrounding countries and regions, including Cuba (MM III in Guantánamo), Jamaica (MM II in Kingston), Venezuela (MM II in Caracas), Puerto Rico (MM II–III in San Juan), and the bordering country of the Dominican Republic (MM III in Santo Domingo).[1][29] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning after the quake,[30] but cancelled it shortly afterwards.[31]

Caribbean tectonics plates.

Since the quake occurred under land rather than water, structures and people on the surface were directly exposed to the tremors, particularly since the fault was quite shallow.[32] The quake occurred in the vicinity of the northern boundary where the Caribbean tectonic plate shifts eastwards by about 20 mm per year relative to the North American plate. The strike-slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the Septentrional fault in the north and the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden fault in the south; seismic data suggests that the January 2010 quake was on the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden fault, which had been locked solid for 250 years, gathering stress. The stress would ultimately have been relieved either by a large earthquake or a series of smaller ones.[33] The rupture of this Mw 7.0 earthquake was roughly 65 kilometres (40 mi) long with mean slip of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft).[34] Preliminary analysis of the slip distribution found amplitudes of up to about 4 metres (13 ft) using ground motion records from all over the world.[35][36]

The United States Geological Survey recorded six aftershocks in the two hours after the main earthquake of magnitudes approximately 5.9,[37] 5.5,[38] 5.1,[37] 4.5,[37] and 4.5.[37] Within the first nine hours 26 aftershocks of magnitude 4.2 or greater were recorded, with twelve of them magnitude 5.0 or greater.[39] According to a member of the USGS, about three million people would have been affected, based on the strength and location of the quake.

Infrastructure damage

Collapsed buildings in Port-au-Prince

There was major damage to Port-au-Prince. The buildings of the finance ministry, the ministry of public works, the ministry of communication and culture, the Palace of Justice, the Superior Normal School, the National School of Administration, the Institut Aimé Césaire, Parliament, and Port-au-Prince Cathedral were damaged to varying degrees.[40][41][42] The National Palace was severely damaged.[43][44] The quake seriously damaged the control tower at Toussaint L’Ouverture International Airport.[45]

Towns west of Port-au-Prince, such as Jacmel, Carrefour, Léogâne, Petit-Goâve, and Gressier were reported to have extensive and perhaps catastrophic damage.[46] They were furthermore isolated by debris blocking connecting roads and unable to receive supplies that were slowly getting into the capital. Secretary-General of the UN Ban Ki-moon estimated that fifty percent of the buildings in the affected regions were destroyed.[47]

There was significant damage to communications, and a Haitian diplomat has said that "communication is absolutely impossible … I’ve been trying to call my ministry and I cannot get through."[30] A hospital in Pétionville, a wealthy suburb of Port-au-Prince, collapsed from the earthquake.[48] The main prison in Port-au-Prince collapsed during the earthquake. Many prisoners escaped into the streets, and their whereabouts are unknown.[49] The roof of the facility reportedly collapsed and caught fire, and family members have been unable to find their incarcerated relatives.[50]

Damage in downtown Port-au-Prince

The headquarters of MINUSTAH at Christopher Hotel[14] were destroyed, as were offices of the World Bank.[51] The quake affected the three Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) medical facilities around Port-Au-Prince, causing one to collapse completely.[52][53][54] The building housing the offices of Citibank in Port-au-Prince was destroyed, and several employees remained missing.[55] Up to 200 guests at the collapsed Hôtel Montana in Port-au-Prince remain unaccounted for, and are presumed dead.[56] As of 15 January 2010 (2010 -01-15), reported damage to the Port-au-Prince seaport includes the collapse of cranes and containers into the water, structural damage to the pier, and an oil spill, rendering the facility unusable for immediate rescue operations; the Gonaïves seaport, in the northern part of the country, remains operational.[57]

Swamped cranes along the Port-au-Prince docks

The apparel industry, which accounts for two-thirds of Haiti’s annual $350 million in exports to the United States, reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities in Haiti. American-based Hanesbrands Inc. reported that three of its four factories had been affected by the quake, with one facility substantially damaged. The Canadian clothing company Gildan Activewear reported that one of the three textile factories that produce their products had been severely damaged.[58]

The Committee to Protect Journalists reported that offices of Radio-Tele Ginen had been destroyed, several other stations, including Melodie FM, Radio Caraibes, Signal FM, and Radio Metropole, remained functioning. Journalism as a whole in Haiti was affected by the fact that many journalists had suffered personal losses and were unable to work.[59] The music studio Hercule, located in Pétionville, was destroyed and the studio’s owner Joubert Charles, one of the most prominent promoters of music in Haiti, died in the quake.[60][61][62]

Buildings shook in Santo Domingo, the capital of the neighboring Dominican Republic, but no major damage was reported there.[63]

Conditions in the aftermath

Assistance camp set up by the Brazilian Army

Through the nights following the earthquake, many people in Haiti slept in the streets, on sidewalks, in their cars, or in makeshift shanty towns either because their houses had been destroyed, or they feared standing structures would not withstand aftershocks. Even Haitian President René Préval was unsure of where he was going to sleep after his home was destroyed.[64][not in citation given] Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world, and construction standards are low; like many islands in the Caribbean the country has no building codes. Engineers have stated that it is unlikely many buildings would have stood through any kind of disaster. Structures are often raised wherever they can fit; some buildings were built on slopes with insufficient foundations or steel.[65] A representative of Catholic Relief Services has estimated that about two million Haitians live as squatters on land they do not own. The country also suffers from shortages of fuel and potable water even when not addressing times of disaster.[66]

Haitian citizens have been congregating in open areas, both to minimize their aftershock vulnerability, and to provide easier access for relief workers.

Towns in the eastern Dominican Republic began preparing on 15 January for tens of thousands of refugees, and by 16 January hospitals around the border had been filled to capacity with Haitians. Some began reporting having expended stocks of critical medical supplies such as antibiotics by 17 January.[67] The border was reinforced with Dominican soldiers, and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily. A local governor stated, "We have a great desire and we will do everything humanly possible to help Haitian families. But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine. We need the helping hand of other countries in the area."[68][69]

President Préval and government ministers used police headquarters near the Toussaint L’Ouverture International Airport as their new base of operations, although their effectiveness was extremely limited. Several parliament members were still trapped in the Presidential Palace, and offices and records destroyed.[70] Some high-ranking government workers lost family members, or had to tend to wounded relatives. Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with U.N. planners each day, there remains confusion as to who is in charge and no single group has been organizing relief efforts as of 16 January.[71] The government handed over control of the airport to the United States to hasten and ease flight operations, made worse by the damaged air traffic control tower.[72]

Almost immediately Port-au-Prince’s morgue facilities were overwhelmed. By 14 January, a thousand bodies had been placed on the streets and sidewalks outside. Government crews operated 60 trucks to collect thousands more, burying them in mass graves.[73] In the heat and humidity, others that were trapped in rubble began to decompose and smell. Mati Goldstein, head of the the Isreali ZAKA International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti, described the situation as "Shabbat from hell. Everywhere, the acrid smell of bodies hangs in the air. It’s just like the stories we are told of the Holocaust – thousands of bodies everywhere. You have to understand that the situation is true madness, and the more time passes, there are more and more bodies, in numbers that cannot be grasped. It is beyond comprehension."[74]

Some Haitians felt water was safer than land following numerous aftershocks.

Slow distribution of resources and the absence of any central authority in the days after the earthquake resulted in violence, as groups attempting to dispense food and other aid were attacked, including an attempted carjacking of aid vehicles.[75] At least one looter was killed as Haitian police fired upon hundreds, and episodes of looting continued as aid officials feared a breakout of lawlessness unless US troops can deliver the needed aid to the up to three million survivors who have not received any.[76] Former US president Bill Clinton acknowledged the problems and said Americans should "not be deterred from supporting the relief effort" by upsetting scenes such as those of looting.[77] Some reports of violence indicated a more communal aspect as supply delays continued as looters were wounded or killed by vigilante justice with tacit police approval, including one purported thief dying with a burning tire around his neck; other neighborhoods constructed their own roadblock barricades.[78]

In many neighborhoods, singing could be heard through the night and groups of men coordinated to act as security as groups of women attempted to take care of food and hygiene necessities.[79] During the days following the the earthquake, hundreds of women were seen marching through the streets in peaceful processions, singing and clapping.[80] On Sunday, 17 January, Haitians roamed the streets looking for church services to attend. Impromptu gatherings were held outside churches that had collapsed with a few attendees appearing in their best clothes.[81]

Casualties

Main article: Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake

Brazilian pediatrician and Nobel Peace Prize nominee Zilda Arns was killed in the earthquake.

The earthquake struck in the most populated area of the country; estimates of the number of dead increased from 45,000 shortly after the earthquake to 200,000 six days later .[8][82][3] The day after the earthquake the International Red Cross estimated that as many as 3 million people had been affected by the quake.[7] Appeals for international aid were issued by Haitian government officials, including Raymond Joseph, Haiti’s ambassador to the United States.[83]

A minister for the Haitian government reported on 16 January that nearly 20,000 bodies had been recovered by government crews.[84] Some reports indicated 250,000 people sustained injuries, and as many as one million Haitians were left homeless.[85] Experts caution that any final death toll will be a "guesstimate" as the scale of the disaster makes an accurate tally impossible.[86]

Amongst the large number of dead were several public figures including government officials, clergy members, and musicians, and foreign civilians and military personnel working with the United Nations. Those killed include Monsignor Joseph Serge Miot, the Archbishop of Port-au-Prince,[87] and officials in the Haitian government, including Justice Minister Paul Denis and opposition leader Michel Gaillard;[88] and numerous prominent Haitian musicians.[61] At least 37 United Nations personnel working with United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) were confirmed dead and over 300 remained missing and presumably buried in the building rubble.[89] Many foreign civilians also died, including citizens of the U.S., China, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, the Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Peru,[90] Taiwan, Spain and the United Kingdom.[91] Among them was Brazilian pediatrician, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize nominee Dr. Zilda Arns.[92]

Response

Main articles: Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake

United States Coast Guard moves a wounded Haitian onboard a cutter to provide medical aid.

Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army,[93] the United Nations[94] and president René Préval.[95] Ambassador Joseph and his nephew, singer Wyclef Jean,[96] who was called by Préval to become a "roving ambassador" for Haiti,[97] have also pleaded for donations.

Many countries have responded to the appeals and launched fund-raising efforts, as well as sending search & rescue teams. The neighboring Dominican Republic was the first country to give aid to Haiti, easing tensions that have existed between the two countries since the 19th century.[83] The Dominican team sent food, bottled water and heavy machinery to remove the rubble.[98] The hospitals in Dominican Republic were made available, as well as the airport to receive aid that would be distributed to Haiti.[98] Personnel from the Dominican emergency team provide service to more than 2,000 injured and the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (Indotel) helped to restore telephone services.[98] The Dominican Red Cross and the International Red Cross have been coordinating health relief services.[98] The Dominican Republic has also been a landing point for foreign correspondents who have come to cover the tragedy.[98] The government has sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopedics, traumatologists, anesthesiologists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks with canned food have been dispatched, along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks who can prepare 100,000 meals per day.[99]

US Navy heavy-lift helicopters ferry water from the Carl Vinson, 15 January

Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel, medicines, materiel, and other aid to Haiti. From the Middle East, the government of Qatar sent a strategic transport aircraft (C-17), loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the Qatari armed forces, the internal security force (Lekhwiya), police force and the Hamad Medical Corporation. The team will set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port-au-Prince and other affected areas in Haiti.[100] A rescue team sent by the government of Israel established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port-au-Prince. It began operations on the evening of 16 January 2010, and included specialized facilities to treat children, the elderly, and women in labor.[101]

Elements of the U.S. Army’s 82nd Airborne Division deployed on 15 January 2010 from Pope Air Force Base by US Air Force aircraft.[102] Military action in rescue and recovery efforts concentrated on safely bringing aid, according to Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. Ideas such as air dropping aid were dismissed early in planning for their problematic logistical issues.[103] The U.S. Navy also announced on 13 January that the hospital ship Comfort and amphibious helicopter carrier Bataan will be deployed to assist in the humanitarian relief efforts.[104] On 14 January, the U.S. government announced a large relief fund effort for Haiti. President Barack Obama said the U.S. would give $100 million to the aid effort for the stricken Caribbean country and pledged that the people of Haiti "will not be forgotten".[105] Obama also sent an email to all members of the Organizing for America mailing list urging readers to help support relief efforts in Haiti.[106] By 16 January, US military helicopters were airdropping food and supplies to the survivors.[107]

Urban Search and Rescue specialists from Fairfax County, Virginia, USA work at the Hotel Montana.

The International Red Cross has announced that it has run out of supplies in Haiti and has appealed for public donations.[108] Giving Children Hope has been working to get much-needed medicines and supplies on the ground.[109] Partners in Health (PIH) is the largest health care provider in rural Haiti; it oversees some 10 hospitals and clinics, all far from the capital and all still intact. PIH is currently serving the flow of patients from Port-au-Prince.[110]

MINUSTAH has over 9,000 uniformed peacekeepers deployed to the area;[111] most are searching for survivors at the headquarters.[112]

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated[113], thus providing for exigent satellite coverage[114] by several national and international space agencies[115].

Social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook were responsible for spreading messages and pleas to send help.[116] Facebook was overwhelmed from some Haitians and blocked some users who were sending messages about updates.[117] The American Red Cross set a record of mobile donating when they allowed people to send $10 donations by cellular phone text messages, raising $7 million in 24 hours.[118] The OpenStreetMap community responded by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post-earthquake satellite photography[119] provided by GeoEye,[120][121] and tracking website Ushahidi coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped or to get word to family members of survivors.[122]

Rescue action

Main article: Timeline of rescue efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake

MINUSTAH troops meet a relief flight on 16 January 2010; this landing MH-53E is the largest helicopter type operated by the US.

Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, with able-bodied Haitian and foreign national survivors prying both living and deceased casualties from the rubble of the many buildings which had collapsed,[123] but efforts were stymied by the chronic lack of hospital and morgue facilities leaving the Argentine military field hospital the only one available until 13 January.[124] The MINUSTAH peacekeeping force, which is usually involved in relief efforts in times of natural disasters in the country, was itself trying to rescue their own personnel from the wreckage of the UN peacekeeping facilities in Port-au-Prince. Rescue actions only slightly increased in frequency with the arrival of doctors, police officers, military personnel and firefighters from various countries two days after the earthquake.[125]

On 13 January, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) set up a special website to facilitate family contacts, which allowed people in Haiti and abroad to register the names of relatives whom they wanted to contact.[126]

Medical teams treat victims at a Haitian Coast Guard base.

The first of three massive Red Cross Red Crescent basic health care emergency response units (ERUs, designed to provide basic and immediate health care to 30,000 people) arrived on 16 January. On 17 January 14 ERUs had already been deployed to Haiti, with most expected to arrive in the coming days. They include water and sanitation units, logistic units, IT and telecommunication infrastructure, and a massive 250-bed hospital.[127]

Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) operated out of two hospitals, treating about 500 people who needed emergency surgery.[53][54] The state of medical care was severely limited; a parking lot served as a triage center and the wounded were forced to lie in tents for treatment.[54] By 16 January, seven field hospitals had been established, set up wherever room was available and working without electricity. The most serious procedures involved caesarian sections and amputations. A doctor with Médecins du Monde estimated that they would perform 400 amputations on people who had been trapped in buildings.[128] Aid stations were besieged, made worse because the able-bodied bringing wounded friends and relatives had nowhere to go.[129] As the earthquake response neared its first week, some medical teams ran out of the supplies they arrived with, and began to construct splints out of cardboard while re-using latex gloves; other rescue units were forced to withdraw as night fell, for security reasons.[130]

A canine search-team from Los Angeles County Fire/Search and Rescue, California, USA is transported by the US Air Force to Haiti.

A Médecins Sans Frontières airplane carrying medical necessities and a portable hospital was told by the U.S. government it would be unable to land.[131] First responders voiced frustration with the number of relief trucks "sitting" at the airport instead of operating.[132] Aid workers blamed US-controlled airport operations, for prioritizing the transportation of security troops over rescuers and supplies;[78] the evacuation policies favoring citizens of certain nations were also criticized.[133] The US military acknowledged the non-governmental organizations’ complaints concerning flight-operations bias and vowed improvement, while noting that to date, 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted; by the first weekend of disaster operations diversions had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday.[134] The airport was able to serve 100 landings a day, up from the 35 that the airport gets on a normal day, and though a spokesman for the joint task force for running the airport confirmed that more flights were requesting to go, no more were being turned away.[135] While the Port-au-Prince airport ramp only has room for five airplanes including one jumbo,[136] the supply backup at the airport was expected to ease when the perceived need for heavy security is less pronounced.[78]

The initial foreign military presence in the country in response to the quake were MINUSTAH troops and United States Coast Guard vessels Forward, Mohawk, and Tahoma.[137] By the 14th, over 20 countries had sent military personnel to the country, with Canada, the United States (particularly its Marines and Navy) and the Dominican Republic providing the largest contingencies, and further arrivals or announcements of delegations to the country are expected. The aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson arrived at flank speed on 15 January with 600,000 emergency food rations, 100,000 ten-liter water containers, and an enhanced helicopter wing numbering 19 aircraft; 35,000 gallons of potable water were transferred to shore in her first day on scene.[138] The helicopter carrier USS Bataan sailed with three large dock landing ships and two survey/salvage vessels, intending to create a "sea base" for the rescue effort.[139][140][141] They were joined by the French Navy vessel Francis Garnier on 16 January,[142] the same day the hospital ship USNS Comfort and guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill left for Haiti to assist.[143][144] To repair the destroyed Port-au-Prince seaport, the salvage ship USNS Grasp was dispatched.[145]

A Haitian baby is fitted with warmer clothing after evacuation to New Jersey.

International rescue efforts were also restricted by impasses such as traffic jams in mountain roads between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, while vessels used various means to dock and deploy supplies and manpower onto shore; furthermore, roadblocks in the streets of the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area, mostly from fallen debris or manmade roadblocks constructed either for safety purposes or in protest at the current situation, severely restricted access by aid workers and military personnel.[146] Although U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air, by 16 January, U.S. helicopters were distributing aid to areas impossible to reach by land.[107] By 17 January, 1,500 people working in 27 rescue teams from several countries were searching for people still trapped in rubble.[135]

Easing refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper,[147] and in the U.S. Haitians were granted Temporary Protected Status that will allow about 100,000 undocumented Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18 months, and will stop the current deportations of 30,000 more; it will not apply to Haitians outside the U.S.[148][149] Local and state agencies in South Florida, and the U.S. government began implementing a plan for a mass migration from the Caribbean named "Operation Vigilant Sentry" that had been laid out in 2003.[150] Several orphanages were destroyed in the earthquake. Adoptions that were in process were hastened for 300 children into the U.S. and 100 into the Netherlands. Before the earthquake, there were 380,000 orphans in Haiti, and the number is expected to rise.[151] Several organizations began planning an airlift of several thousand orphaned children into South Florida on humanitarian visas, modeled after a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named Pedro Pan.[152]

By Sunday evening, five days after the initial quake, the UN announced over 70 survivors had been pulled from the rubble, while 130,000 food packets and 70,000 water containers were distributed to Haitians, as safe landing and distribution centers like golf courses were secured.[153] There were nearly 2,000 rescuers on-scene from 43 different groups, along with 161 search dogs; the airport had handled 250 tons of relief supplies by the end of the weekend.[154] Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines has begun using scheduled port calls in northern Haiti, to transfer emergency supplies using extra space on its liners.[155]

Recovery

Haitians await the opening of a supply depot, 16 January 2010

U.S. President Barack Obama announced that former presidents Bill Clinton, who also acts as the U.N. special envoy to Haiti, and George W. Bush will coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti’s recovery. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrived in Haiti on 16 January to survey the damage and stated that $48 million has been raised already in the U.S. to help Haiti recover.[156] Following the meeting with Secretary Clinton, President Préval stated that the highest priorities in Haiti’s recovery are establishing a working government, clearing roads, and ensuring the streets are cleared of bodies and sanitary conditions return.[157]

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated on 16 January that "[Barack Obama] does not view this as a humanitarian mission with a life cycle of a month. This will still be on our radar screen long after it’s off the crawler at CNN. This is going to be a long slog."[158] Meanwhile, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said that France, the United States, Brazil and Canada would hold a conference to organize the reconstruction of Haiti.[159]

The president of Senegal, Abdoulaye Wade, offered interested Haitians free land in Senegal, up to an entire region depending on how many respond to the offer.[160]

Coordination of the relief effort is central Haitian recovery, according to U.S. officials.[161] With the large number of organizations compounding the reconstruction work, President Préval asked for improved cooperation between donor nations.[162][163] The French Secretary for Cooperation, Alain Joyandet, filed a complaint at the U.S. embassy on 16 January against a perceived preference for American aid arriving at the U.S.-controlled Toussaint L’Ouverture International Airport.[164] The day before, Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim had already decried American favoritism for incoming aid.[165]

See also

  • List of 21st century earthquakes
  • List of earthquakes in Haiti

References

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External links

Search Wikinews Wikinews has related news: Category:2010 Haiti earthquake
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2010 Haiti earthquake
Emergency aid
Contacting friends and relatives in Haiti
News and pictures
Population and geographic information
Earthquake science links
v • d • e

2010 Haiti earthquake
 
Humanitarian response (by national governments) · Rescue efforts · Casualties
 
Regions affected
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone | Haiti – Ouest: Port-au-Prince Arrondissement (Port-au-Prince · Pétionville · Carrefour · Gressier) · Léogâne Arrondissement (Léogâne · Petit-Goâve) — Sud-Est: Jacmel Arrondissement (Jacmel)
 
Damaged facilities
Christopher Hotel (MINUSTAH) · Holy Trinity (Episcopal) Cathedral · Hôtel Montana · Presidential Palace · National Assembly · Notre-Dame (Catholic) Cathedral · Toussaint Louverture International Airport
 
Casualties
Georges Anglade · Hédi Annabi · Zilda Arns · Luiz Carlos da Costa · Paul Denis · Rev. Sam Dixon · Michel Gaillard · Jimmy O · Msgr. Joseph Serge Miot

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake"

 

 

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